Community pharmacy-based opiate substitution treatment and related health services: a study of 508 patients and 111 pharmacies

Laird, Amanda M.; Hunter, Carole; Sardar, Colette Montgomery; Fitzgerald, Niamh; Lowrie, Richard

doi:10.1007/s10389-016-0714-y

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, PWUD expressed positive comments about pharmacy staffcomparing them favourably to other pharmacies. This reflects previous research in which being treated with a positive attitude was valued (Laird et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussion Of Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The approach allowed staff to reflect on their behaviour and identify previous, potentially discriminatory practice. Attitudes compared favourably with previous national (Matheson et al 2016) and local data (Laird et al 2016) and demonstrated that the participating pharmacies were already well disposed to this patient group. Despite this, there were some aspects of their practice that were highlighted by training as being potentially stigmatising.…”

Section: Discussion Of Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Making community pharmacies psychologically informed environments (PIE): a feasibility study to improve engagement with people using drug services in Scotland

Matheson

Hunter

Schofield

et al. 2023

Prim Health Care Res Dev

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Aim: This developmental study tested the feasibility of training pharmacy staff on the psychologically informed environments (PIE) approach to improve the delivery of care. Background: Community pharmacies provide key services to people who use drugs (PWUD) through needle exchange services, medication-assisted treatment and naloxone distribution. PWUD often have trauma backgrounds, and an approach that has been demonstrated to work well in the homeless sector is PIEs. Methods: Bespoke training was provided by clinical psychologists and assessed by questionnaire. Staff interviews explored changes made following PIE training to adapt the delivery of care. Changes in attitude of staff following training were assessed by questionnaire. Peer researchers interviewed patient/client on observed changes and experiences in participating pharmacies. Staff interviews were conducted six months after training to determine what changes, if any, staff had implemented. Normalisation process theory (NPT) provided a framework for assessing change. Findings: Three pharmacies (16 staff) participated. Training evaluation was positive; all participants rated training structure and delivery as ‘very good’ or ‘excellent’. There was no statistically significant change in attitudes. COVID-19 lockdowns restricted follow-up data collection. Staff interviews revealed training had encouraged staff to reflect on their practice and communication and consider potentially discriminatory practice. PIE informed communication skills were applied to manage COVID-19 changes. Staff across pharmacies noted mental health challenges for patients. Five patients were interviewed but COVID-19 delays in data collection meant changes in delivery of care were difficult to recall. However, they did reflect on interactions with pharmacy staff generally. Across staff and patient interviews, there was possible conflation of practice changes due to COVID-19 and the training. However, the study found that training pharmacy teams in PIE was feasible, well received, and further development is recommended. There was evidence of the four NPT domains to support change (coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring).

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Section: Discussion Of Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussion Of Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Making community pharmacies psychologically informed environments (PIE): a feasibility study to improve engagement with people using drug services in Scotland

Matheson

Hunter

Schofield

et al. 2023

Prim Health Care Res Dev

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“…19 , 20 A recent study in Scotland found that provision of health services such as counseling, treatment referral, and management of other common ailments were key factors in patients choosing to receive opioid substitution treatment at the pharmacy. 21 Similar opportunities need to be created for pharmacists in the US to be able to monitor SUD patients and refer when necessary for further evaluation and treatment. This would require both more education and the reduction of time and reimbursement barriers in community pharmacy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Community Pharmacists Regarding Persons with Substance use Disorders

et al. 2021

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Background Community pharmacists can play a meaningful role in identification and treatment of substance use disorders (SUD). However, inadequate disease knowledge and negative attitudes are known barriers. The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practice of pharmacists regarding persons with SUD has not been evaluated comprehensively in the United States. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge of community pharmacists regarding medications for SUD and evaluate their attitudes, levels of stigma, and clinical practices in SUD. Methods A questionnaire was developed to assess practices, knowledge, screening services, and attitudes toward harm reduction strategies and treatment. A standardized measure of stigma was included along with demographics. A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia among a non-probability sample of community pharmacists working for a retail pharmacy chain (n = 910) and a local alumni network ( n = 50). Scores were calculated for each factor and descriptive analyses, mean differences ( t-tests and ANOVA), correlations with demographics and practice characteristics were performed. Linear and ordinal regressions were utilized to predict knowledge, practice, screening, and stigma scores. Results A total of 134 responses (response rate 13.9%) were collected. On average, the pharmacists were 38 years old, had worked for 15 years, primarily full-time with practice locations in suburban settings. Only 53% reported they received SUD education in pharmacy school. Pharmacists received a mean score of 5.5 and 3.5 out of eight and seven on knowledge and practice scales, respectively. Pharmacists overall had slightly stigmatizing and negative attitudes, with higher stigma significantly related to performing lesser services and considering screenings as important. Number of years worked significantly predicted knowledge and screening. Conclusion Relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and practices indicate a need for experiential education that includes psychosocial aspects of care with increased opportunities for practice.

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“… 56 Privacy was a factor for participants when choosing a particular pharmacy for opioid substitution therapy, 44 favouring those which could offer a private room. 111 For sexual health, teenagers reported feeling embarrassed to discuss birth control medication in the pharmacy. 61 In addition, participants were concerned about the lack of a comfortable space to have intimate partner violence screening consultations, 70 and homosexual men reported the lack of a safe place for sexual health screening.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review on the effects of the physical and social aspects of community pharmacy spaces on service users and staff

Dhital

Sakulwach

Robert

et al. 2022

Perspect Public Health

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Aim: This systematic review aimed to provide new insights into how pharmacy spaces, or the architecture of pharmacies, are experienced by pharmacy service users and staff. The review sought to identify environmental factors which may influence service users’ and staff participation in community-based pharmacy health services. Method: Ten databases were searched for English language publications, using a combination of search terms relating to pharmacy service users and staff; pharmacy spaces; and health and social care outcomes. Data from the final selected studies were extracted, thematically analysed using a narrative approach and the quality of each study assessed using the Integrated quality Criteria for the Review of Multiple Study designs (ICROMS). Results: 80 articles reporting 80 studies published between 1994 and 2020 were identified; they were from 28 countries, involving around 3234 community pharmacies, 13,615 pharmacy service users, 5056 pharmacists and 78 pharmacy health staff. Most studies (94%) met the ICROMS minimum score, and half did not meet the mandatory quality criteria. Four themes likely to influence service users’ and staff experiences of pharmacy health services were identified: (1) privacy; (2) experience of the physical environment; (3) professional image; and (4) risk of error. Conclusion: To optimise the delivery and experience of pharmacy health services, these spaces should be made more engaging. Future applied research could focus on optimising inclusive pharmacy design features.

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Community pharmacy-based opiate substitution treatment and related health services: a study of 508 patients and 111 pharmacies

Abstract: Background and Aims: Community pharmacies have a central role in the provision of Opiate Substitution

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Making community pharmacies psychologically informed environments (PIE): a feasibility study to improve engagement with people using drug services in Scotland

Making community pharmacies psychologically informed environments (PIE): a feasibility study to improve engagement with people using drug services in Scotland

The Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Community Pharmacists Regarding Persons with Substance use Disorders

Systematic review on the effects of the physical and social aspects of community pharmacy spaces on service users and staff

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