Community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A in Latvia, in 2008

Perevoščikovs, J; Lucenko, Irina; Magone, S; Brila, A; Curikova, J

doi:10.2807/ese.13.40.18995-en

Cited by 17 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Community-wide outbreaks, often related to poor hygienic conditions have been reported, e.g. in Bulgaria, Italy, Latvia, and Slovakia [33][34][35][36][37][38]. It is evident that vaccination of risk groups in countries with high susceptibility of young and middle-aged adults needs to be continued.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative hepatitis A seroepidemiology in 10 European countries

Kurkela

Pebody²,

Kafatos³

et al. 2012

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYThe WHO recommends hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunization according to level of transmission and disease burden. We aimed to identify susceptible age groups by standardized serosurveys to inform HAV vaccination policy in participating countries : Belgium, Czech Republic, England, Finland, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, and Slovakia. Each country tested national serum banks (n=1854-6748), collected during 1996-2004, for anti-HAV antibodies. Local laboratory results were standardized to common units. Forty-one per cent of those aged <30 years and 6% of those aged o30 years were susceptible to HAV in Romania ; compared to 70-94 % and 26-71 %, respectively, elsewhere. Romania reported high HAV incidence in children and young adults. Other countries reported HAV disease primarily in older risk groups. The results suggest low level of HAV transmission in most of Europe. Romania, however, appeared as an area with intermediate transmission. Vaccination of risk groups in countries with high susceptibility of young and middle-aged adults needs to be continued.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative hepatitis A seroepidemiology in 10 European countries

Kurkela

Pebody²,

Kafatos³

et al. 2012

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…[104] Given the adverse health consequences associated with these substances, there is a need for governmental reaction not only by increasing regulation of prescribed and over-the-counter availability of pharmaceutical medications containing the required ingredients but also by providing coordinated service approaches in the form of medical support, counselling, HIV counselling and testing, wound and infection management, [137][138][139][140][141] and risks present in the production process, contamination, chemical reaction, sharing of paraphernalia, and group injecting practices. [104] Given the adverse health consequences associated with these substances, there is a need for governmental reaction not only by increasing regulation of prescribed and over-the-counter availability of pharmaceutical medications containing the required ingredients but also by providing coordinated service approaches in the form of medical support, counselling, HIV counselling and testing, wound and infection management, [137][138][139][140][141] and risks present in the production process, contamination, chemical reaction, sharing of paraphernalia, and group injecting practices.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, warm water, household vinegar, and potassium permanganate Injecting risks for BBV transmission [137][138][139][140][141] and risks present in the production process, contamination, chemical reaction, sharing of paraphernalia, and Odessa* OTHER COMMON STREET NAMES:…”

Section: Cathinonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14] Cheornaya Opiate Poppy Straw, cigarette ash, sodium bicarbonate Access to poppy straw is seasonal and when it is scarce, injectors will turn to other opiate-type drugs [121] Russia Injecting risks for BBV transmission [137][138][139][140][141] and risks present in the production process, contamination, chemical reaction, sharing of paraphernalia, and group injecting practices. [14] Cheornaya Opiate Poppy Straw, cigarette ash, sodium bicarbonate Access to poppy straw is seasonal and when it is scarce, injectors will turn to other opiate-type drugs [121] Russia Injecting risks for BBV transmission [137][138][139][140][141] and risks present in the production process, contamination, chemical reaction, sharing of paraphernalia, and group injecting practices.…”

Section: Other Commonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kitchen chemistry: A scoping review of the diversionary use of pharmaceuticals for non‐medicinal use and home production of drug solutions

Hout

2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Misuse of pharmaceuticals is of increasing drug policy and public health concern. A scoping review was conducted on the diversionary use of pharmaceuticals for non-medicinal use and home production of drug solutions. The research question was broad: What is known from the existing literature about the diversion of pharmaceuticals for non-medicinal use and for home production of drug solutions? The scoping process centred on the systematic selection, collection, and summarization of extant knowledge within this broad thematic remit. One hundred and thirty-four records were grouped into discrete thematic categories namely: non medicinal use and tampering with pharmaceuticals, oral misuse of codeine cough syrups, homemade drug solutions, and home-produced drug-related harms in the narrative review design. Forms of abuse of codeine cough syrup include mixtures with alcohol or soft drinks ('Purple Drank'), with kratom leaves ('Kratom cocktails'), or chemically altered to extract dextromorphan ('Lemon Drop'). Production of homemade opiates ('Cheornaya', 'Kolyosa', Himiya', 'Braun', 'Krokodil'), methamphetamine ('Vint', 'Pervitin'), methcathinone ('Jeff'), and cathinone ('Boltushka') are described. Displacement patterns between the non-medical use of pharmaceuticals, commercial, and homemade drugs appear dependent on availability of opiates, prescribing practices, supervision of substitution drug dosing, availability of cheap ingredients, policing, and awareness of harms. Adverse health and social consequences relate to the use of unknown and contaminated (end) substances, injecting practices, redosing, medical complications, and death. The review highlights a public health imperative requiring a multidisciplinary approach to quantify potential impact and required integrated policy responses incorporating international regulation, enforcement, health surveillance and service delivery.

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“…Community-wide outbreaks, i.e., hepatitis A cases that are epidemiologically linked but occur outside defined settings such as the family, school, work, etc., can be detected easily when a large number of cases are involved, 14,33 but number of associated cases is small, as in Catalonia, where the mean number of associated cases in each outbreak is 5.2, it can be supposed that other person-to-person community-wide outbreaks occur but are not detected. Common-source outbreaks (foodborne or waterborne) are more easily detected, [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] and therefore, the increased proportion of person-to person outbreaks in the second period is probably an underestimate, reinforcing the importance of improving the surveillance of individual cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%