Compact, Flexible, and Transparent Antennas Based on Embedded Metallic Mesh for Wearable Devices in 5G Wireless Network

Qiu, Haochuan; Liu, Houfang; Jia, Xiufeng; Jiang, Zhouying; Liu, Yanhua; Xu, Jianlong; Lu, Tianqi; Shao, Minghao; Chen, Kevin J.

doi:10.1109/tap.2020.3035911

Cited by 58 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It should be noted that photolithography is a subtractive process, in which the desired patterns are obtained via the removal of materials through etching, cutting, drilling, and grinding. [ 58–62 ] Typically, the production process involves multiple procedures, such as photoresist coating, patterning, developing, chemical etching, and cleaning, [ 63 ] as displayed in Figure a. It is expensive due to the multiple‐step processes involved, a number of which must be performed in a cleanroom environment.…”

Section: Transparent Rf Electronics Enabled By Conventional Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mesh structures allow the antennas to be optically transparent, though the antenna gain, radiation efficiency, and return loss are affected. [63,199] In general, when the optical transparency of a mesh antenna increases, the gain and efficiency decrease. [200,201] Therefore, a trade-off exists between optical transparency and antenna radiation performance.…”

Section: Printed Transparent Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optically Transparent and Flexible Radio Frequency Electronics through Printing Technologies

Akhter

Vaseem

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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on several nonplanar objects and worn by humans, they must be mechanically flexible. Moreover, to maintain the abundance of such wireless devices in a smart city and still maintain the aesthetics, it is desirable that they be optically transparent. Finally, to afford this IoT revolution, in which billions of devices are required, the cost of an individual device must be extremely low. As displayed in Figure 1, this new form of transparent RF electronics can help in many smart city applications without affecting the functions of the existing structures where they will be deployed. For example, specially designed periodic structures, namely reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), can enhance the 5G and beyond communication by increasing the coverage area, spectrum, and energy efficiency. [7] Transparent RIS integrated on buildings, cars, and train windows can optimize the reflection and transmission characteristics of the 5G signal according to the user positions via tunable and switchable devices. [8] Transparent antennas on cars can provide diverse connectivity for radio, GPS, television, smartphones, and so on while maintaining aesthetics. [9][10][11] This can likewise serve as a mainstream technology for autonomous cars, which would rely on radar antennas on the car body. Another example is a transparent frequency selective surface (FSS), which is a periodic structure for selectively shielding from unwanted frequency bands while allowing the bands of interest to pass through. [12][13][14][15][16][17] Other examples of transparent RF electronics include RF circuits, [18] EM absorbers, [19][20][21] RF shielding, [22][23][24][25] and RF energy harvesting. [26,27] A highly suitable approach to realize this new form of mechanically flexible and optically transparent RF electronics is via printing technologies. Printed electronics (PE), as the name suggests, are electronic devices manufactured using traditional printing technologies. Compared with conventional fabrication techniques, such as milling, photolithography, and etching, [11,18,20,28,29] printing has many merits that make it suitable for the subsequent generations of electronics, such as ease of mass production with simple procedures, lower costs, higher throughput, and the ability to work with flexible materials and substrates. PE technologies allow for the direct deposition of various materials, including conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics, among others, on different flexible substrates to form 2D and 3D patterns. PE has been widely

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Section: Transparent Rf Electronics Enabled By Conventional Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Printed Transparent Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically Transparent and Flexible Radio Frequency Electronics through Printing Technologies

Akhter

Vaseem

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…For an overview of the current state-of-the-art for optically-transparent antennas, see [24] and the references therein. Of note is that opticallytransparent antennas with optical transmission efficiencies of approximately 90% have been demonstrated [25], although measured values from experimental demonstrations are typically in the range from approximately 30% to 70%; see e.g., [26]- [28]. The development of practical RF-transparent PV and optically-transparent RF surfaces is the subject of ongoing research at Caltech.…”

Section: Overview Of the Caltech Space Solar Power Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Equatorial Medium Earth Orbits for Space Solar Power

Marshall

Madonna²,

Pellegrino

2022

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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Most existing space solar power concepts place one or more power stations in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). However, due to the limited availability of GEO orbital slots, it may not be feasible to locate a power station in GEO. To overcome this limitation, this paper presents a system analysis for a space solar power system that incorporates a constellation of power stations in a 20,184 km altitude equatorial medium Earth orbit (MEO). The orbiting power stations are based on the Caltech Space Solar Power Project architecture. The constellation consists of multiple power stations in a shared equatorial MEO each transmitting to a non-equatorial receiving station. The analysis assumes a one-to-one correspondence between the number of power stations and the number of ground stations. Like a GEO-based system, this constellation architecture enables a MEO-based system to provide near continuous power (outside of eclipse) to each ground station. It is shown that a MEO constellation with three or more power stations provides comparable transmission efficiency to a GEO-based system. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) is then computed for MEO systems with three, four, and five power stations and compared to the LCOE for the GEO-based system. Ground station area is identified as a significant contributor to the LCOE for the MEO-based systems. The system analysis shows that a MEO constellation with as few as four power stations has an LCOE comparable to GEO, and hence, it is concluded that MEO is a viable alternative to GEO for space solar power.

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“…19 However, the conductivity of ITO/AgHT-8 is relatively low. In recent years, transmitarray antennas 20 and AoD 21,22 with metal-mesh film has been reported with a good balance between transmittance and conductivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An optically transparent end‐fire magnetoelectric dipole antenna array for millimeter‐wave applications

Chen

Chan

et al. 2022

Int J RF Mic Comp-Aid Eng

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A simple, planar, low-profile and wideband optical transparent end-fire magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna array is presented in this article. The metal mesh printing on the glass substrate uses a conductive silver grid layer. The top layer has electric and magnetic dipoles with the coplanar ground. An Γ-shaped transmission line is used to feed the ME dipole antenna and printed on the bottom layer. Good radiation performance of single antenna element, including an impedance bandwidth of 24.9%, average gain of 8 dBi, radiation efficiency of over 80%, and end-fire radiation patterns at 28 GHz band, are also achieved. Furthermore, a 1 Â 4 transparent end-fire ME-dipole antenna array is realized by employing the proposed ME-dipole single antenna element. A prototype was fabricated by in-house photolithography and lift-off process, which is measured to confirm the simulation results. Measured impedance bandwidth is 33% from 23.3 to 32.5 GHz (VSWR ≤ 2). End-fire radiation patterns are obtained across the entire bandwidth with a peak gain and radiation efficiency of 13.6 dBi and 80%, respectively. The optical transparency is around 66% across the visible spectrum.

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Compact, Flexible, and Transparent Antennas Based on Embedded Metallic Mesh for Wearable Devices in 5G Wireless Network

Cited by 58 publications

References 24 publications

Optically Transparent and Flexible Radio Frequency Electronics through Printing Technologies

Optically Transparent and Flexible Radio Frequency Electronics through Printing Technologies

Investigation of Equatorial Medium Earth Orbits for Space Solar Power

An optically transparent end‐fire magnetoelectric dipole antenna array for millimeter‐wave applications

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