Compact Probe for Non-Contact Ultrasonic Inspection with the Gas-Coupled Laser Acoustic Detection (GCLAD) Technique

Abstract

Background Gas-Coupled Laser Acoustic Detection (GCLAD) is a non-contact ultrasonic detection technique whose functioning relies on the deviation that a probe laser beam sustains when intersected by an acoustic wavefront propagating in a fluid. The maximum sensitivity of the technique is typically obtained when the ultrasound insists on an ample portion of the probe laser beam extension, but such a condition can be unfeasible in several non-destructive testing applications (as in case of limited accessibility to the component). Objective In the present work, a solution is provided enabling transformation of the GCLAD device in a point detector. This is based on the use of two mirrors for confining the laser beam in an area with limited width and depth, where reflections however maximize the portion of the probe laser beam subjected to ultrasonic oscillation. Methods The characteristics of the obtained GCLAD probe are thoroughly analysed by applying the device to the detection of surface acoustic waves, propagating on a metal bar and refracting into the air. Two different inspection configurations are considered, whose difference lies in the mutual orientation between laser beam and solid surface. The effect on the received signal amplitude of the number of beam reflections, the dimensions of the resulting device, and the bar axisimmetry is investigated in both configurations. Results The optimization of all the analysed standpoints enables obtaining a compact GCLAD probe that features the same signal amplitude of the non-compact alternative. To obtain maximum responsivity of the system, the number of reflections must be maximized, while the distance between the mirrors must be carefully set based on the employed inspection configuration and the eventual axisimmetry of the specimen. The devised GCLAD compact probe is capable of expanding the application range of the technique also to those cases in which the use of point detectors is desirable, without compromising the signal-to-noise ratio of the resulting acquisitions compared to the non-compact alternative.

On the Use of Two Emerging Laser-Based Flaw-Detection Techniques – Considerations and Practicalities

“…This can depend on several aspects, i.e., the sample geometry and the defect shape. In fact, based on this latter element, the wavefront propagating in air has a peculiar profile, with a specific curvature [40] . The GCLAD-A averages the oscillations from several wave crests being hence relatively insensitive to irregularities in the defect profile.…”

“…The GCLAD-A averages the oscillations from several wave crests being hence relatively insensitive to irregularities in the defect profile. Conversely, the GCLAD-B response is strongly affected by the position of the intersection point between the defect profile and the plane that contains the laser beam [40] . Because of the complex interaction with the geometry of both sample and defect, this aspect will be investigated by Finite Element simulations in dedicated future research.…”

“…To have good sensitivity, the distance between the laser source and photodiode must be high, in the order of a few tens of centimetres, depending on the diameter and divergence of the laser beam. However, it is possible to adopt multipass cell systems to lengthen the optical path while maintaining a small footprint [40] . • An interferometric UT inspection setup can be considered pricier than the GCLAD, but the higher detectable frequency allows characterisations of smaller defects.…”

Detection and Function of Elastic Wave Tomography of Foundation Piles of High-Rise Buildings under the Background of Internet of Things

“…In elastic wave detection, the most commonly used emission waves are ultrasonic waves and seismic waves, of which ultrasonic waves are one of the most commonly used methods for engineering detection [13]. The difference between elastic waves and ultrasonic waves: the energy of elastic waves is greater than that of ultrasonic waves, and ultrasonic waves decay quickly.…”