Compacted snow as a pavement material for runway construction

Russell-Head, D. S.; Budd, W. F.; Moore, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/0165-232x(84)90070-3

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Q is the activation energy for the corresponding temperature range T1 ≤ T ≤ T 2 and density A and R is the gas constant; T1 and T 2 are the temperatures (K). Note that the power-law relation for A (Equation (7)) is similar to the experimentally defined equations for unconfined compressive strength of high-density snow (500 kg m 3 < ρ < 600 kg m 3 ) reported by Russell-Head and others (1984).…”

Section: Numerical Modelsupporting

confidence: 71%

The influence of temperature on the small-strain viscous deformation mechanics of snow: a comparison with polycrystalline ice

Scapozza

Bartelt

2003

Ann. Glaciol.

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Glen’s law is commonly used to model the viscous deformation of polycrystalline ice. It is a power law that relates stress to viscous strain rate and contains three material parameters: n, a power-law exponent, Q, an activation energy, and A0, a material constant. Because polycrystalline ice is the constituent material of snow, it is to be expected that the viscous deformation mechanics of snow are related to the viscous behaviour of polycrystalline ice, especially under small strains and low strain rates when kinematic effects in the ice matrix like bond breakage, bond formation and grain sliding are of secondary importance. Based on 64 deformation-controlled compression tests on fine-grained snow in the density range 200–430kg m–3 and temperature range T = –20 to –2°C, we show that Glen’s law—with material parameters similar to those for polycrystalline ice—can be applied to model the viscous deformation of high-density snow However, the values of the ice material parameters are valid for densities above a relatively low density of 400 kg m–3; they are not valid for snow with densities below 360 kg m–3. We present the variation of n, Q and A for snow as a function of density and temperature. A possible explanation for this behaviour is that the ice grains in low-density snow are less constrained. Therefore, deformation mechanisms, such as grain-boundary sliding, increase in overall importance, leading to smaller n values and higher activation energies, Q. Although the material behaviour of low-density snow can be accurately modelled using a power law, the power-law parameters depart substantially from those of polycrystalline ice. The large variation of n and Q with temperature and density underscores the difficulty of predicting snow avalanches.

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Section: Numerical Modelsupporting

confidence: 71%

The influence of temperature on the small-strain viscous deformation mechanics of snow: a comparison with polycrystalline ice

Scapozza

Bartelt

2003

Ann. Glaciol.

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“…Figure 2 shows that maximum densification did not occur until the sintering pressure had increased to 40 or 70 MPa at temperatures above −7.9°C, and the higher sintering pressure did not result in further densification. The density peak pressure was defined to describe the lowest pressure that was necessary to achieve the full density of 920 kg m −3 as ice (Russell-Head and others, 1984; White and McCallum, 2018). The density peak pressure corresponding to the temperature of −7.9 and −12.5/−17.3°C was 70 and 40 MPa, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) reported various processing methods to enhance the sintering rate during snow densification reaching a critical density of 550 kg m −3 for runway construction in Greenland and Antarctica (Albert, 1963; Ramseier, 1966, 1967; Abele and Frankenstein, 1967; Abele and others, 1968; Abele, 1990). However, the sintering rate in snow runway construction is restricted by the local temperature (from near 0 to −61.7°C (Ramseier, 1966)) and applicable pressure exerted by conventional machines (for instance, 0.8–0.9 MPa from a pneumatic roller (Russell-Head and others, 1984)). Although many efforts, including heating snow, optimizing snow grain size distribution and upgrading load of processing machine, have been used to result in high density and strength, the sintering time still requires days, weeks or even months to achieve full strength (White and McCallum, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of high-pressure sintering on snow density evolution: experiments and results

et al. 2022

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Very few studies have emphasized the effects of high-pressure sintering on snow density evolution, even though snow as a type of engineering material is widely used in construction engineering in cold regions for snow pavement, snow runway and polar infrastructure. This study presents new experimental results of snow densification under high pressures of up to 100 MPa for a temperature range from −3.5 to −17.3°C and uniaxial compression at the temperature of −10°C and constant strain rates from 5 × 10−4 to 10−1 s−1. Results reveal that density evolution of snow to ice under high-pressure sintering can be achieved in a wide temperature range within a duration as short as 5 min. The compressive strength of snow-sintered ice was ~1.2–2.2 times as large as that of water-frozen ice reported by previous work. The orthogonal experiment showed that pressure is a more significant factor affecting the final density in comparison with sintering temperature and time. The increased rates of ice fabrication, low limitations on temperature and reliable sintered snow strength indicate that snow-ice engineering, such as airport construction in Greenland and Antarctica, can be improved by high-pressure sintering of snow to overcome the harsh environment.

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“…The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted a comprehensive test of snow runways in Antarctica in the 1960s, observing the change in the snow intensity of the snow roads when the aircraft landed to determine the appropriate snow intensity parameters for construction [145]. Russell-Head et al (1984) tested the snow compaction and hardness of the snow track in the area of Law Dome near Casey, Antarctica [147]. They found that the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength of compacted snow was more significantly affected by density than temperature [147].…”

Section: Applications Of Snow Failure Mechanics In Antarctic Infrastr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic Snow Failure Mechanics: Analysis, Simulations, and Applications

Xiao,

Li,

Matin Nazar

et al. 2024

Materials

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Snow failure is the process by which the stability of snow or snow-covered slopes is destroyed, resulting in the collapse or release of snow. Heavy snowfall, low temperatures, and volatile weather typically cause consequences in Antarctica, which can occur at different scales, from small, localized collapses to massive avalanches, and result in significant risk to human activities and infrastructures. Understanding snow damage is critical to assessing potential hazards associated with snow-covered terrain and implementing effective risk mitigation strategies. This review discusses the theoretical models and numerical simulation methods commonly used in Antarctic snow failure research. We focus on the various theoretical models proposed in the literature, including the fiber bundle model (FBM), discrete element model (DEM), cellular automata (CA) model, and continuous cavity-expansion penetration (CCEP) model. In addition, we overview some methods to acquire the three-dimensional solid models and the related advantages and disadvantages. Then, we discuss some critical numerical techniques used to simulate the snow failure process, such as the finite element method (FEM) and three-dimensional (3D) material point method (MPM), highlighting their features in capturing the complex behavior of snow failure. Eventually, different case studies and the experimental validation of these models and simulation methods in the context of Antarctic snow failure are presented, as well as the application of snow failure research to facility construction. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of snow properties, essential numerical simulation methods, and related applications to enhance our understanding of Antarctic snow failure, which offer valuable resources for designing and managing potential infrastructure in Antarctica.

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Compacted snow as a pavement material for runway construction

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

The influence of temperature on the small-strain viscous deformation mechanics of snow: a comparison with polycrystalline ice

The influence of temperature on the small-strain viscous deformation mechanics of snow: a comparison with polycrystalline ice

Effect of high-pressure sintering on snow density evolution: experiments and results

Antarctic Snow Failure Mechanics: Analysis, Simulations, and Applications

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