Companion animal organoid technology to advance veterinary regenerative medicine

Abstract

First year medical and veterinary students are made very aware that drugs can have very different effects in various species or even in breeds of one specific species. On the other hand, the “One Medicine” concept implies that therapeutic and technical approaches are exchangeable between man and animals. These opposing views on the (dis)similarities between human and veterinary medicine are magnified in regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine promises to stimulate the body's own regenerative capacity via activation of stem cells and/or the application of instructive biomaterials. Although the potential is enormous, so are the hurdles that need to be overcome before large scale clinical implementation is realistic. It is in the advancement of regenerative medicine that veterinary regenerative medicine can play an instrumental and crucial role. This review describes the discovery of (adult) stem cells in domesticated animals, mainly cats and dogs. The promise of cell-mediated regenerative veterinary medicine is compared to the actual achievements, and this will lead to a set of unanswered questions (controversies, research gaps, potential developments in relation to fundamental, pre-clinical, and clinical research). For veterinary regenerative medicine to have impact, either for human medicine and/or for domesticated animals, answering these questions is pivotal.

Recent Advances in Graphene Oxide-Based on Organoid Culture as Disease Model and Cell Behavior – A Systematic Literature Review

“… 143 , 144 In addition, organoid models can be used in the modeling of diseases and in transplantation or replacement studies. 145 Therefore, 3D culture or organoid models provide some aspects of the tissue microenvironment that could potentially be used for in vitro phenotyping to mimic in vivo situations and reduce in vivo animal experiments or animal models.…”

Advances in organoid technology for veterinary disease modeling

“…The critical advantage is to provide more accurate information of inherent intricacies of these diseases after large-scale sequencing and drug screening and more faithfully mirror patients’ receptivity to pharmaceutical agents and their capacity to endure drug-induced toxicities ( 85 ). As the concept of “One Medicine” suggests, therapeutic and technical methods can be shared between humans and animals for their mutual benefit but precision medicine in veterinary disease is still immature, and its application may vary depending on the species ( 86 ). Several veterinary organoid models also demonstrated the powerful potential of regenerative medicine ( 86 ).…”

“…As the concept of “One Medicine” suggests, therapeutic and technical methods can be shared between humans and animals for their mutual benefit but precision medicine in veterinary disease is still immature, and its application may vary depending on the species ( 86 ). Several veterinary organoid models also demonstrated the powerful potential of regenerative medicine ( 86 ). For example, corneal epithelial organoids in dogs and cats have successfully be cultured and maintained with expressions of cornea-specific epithelial and stem cell progenitor markers, which could be a new tool to model veterinary ophthalmology disease and test corneal drug and even further treat corneal diseases by corneal organoid transplantation or harnessing regenerative capabilities of limbal stem cells in the conception of regenerative medicine ( 87 ).…”