An
efficient NMR approach is described for determining the chemical
structures of the monosaccharide glucose and four disaccharides, namely,
nigerose, gentiobiose, leucrose and isomaltulose. This approach uses
the
1
H resonances of the −OH groups, which are observable
in the NMR spectrum of a supercooled aqueous solution, as the starting
point for further analysis. The 2D-NMR technique, HSQC-TOCSY, is then
applied to fully define the covalent structure (i.e., the topological
relationship between C–C, C–H, and O–H bonds)
that must be established for a novel carbohydrate before proceeding
to further conformational studies. This process also leads to complete
assignment of all
1
H and
13
C resonances. The
approach is exemplified by analyzing the monosaccharide glucose, which
is treated as if it were an “unknown”, and also by fully
assigning all the NMR resonances for the four disaccharides that contain
glucose. It is proposed that this technique should be equally applicable
to the determination of chemical structures for larger carbohydrates
of unknown composition, including those that are only available in
limited quantities from biological studies. The advantages of commencing
the structure elucidation of a carbohydrate at the −OH groups
are discussed with reference to the now well-established 2D-/3D-NMR
strategy for investigation of peptides/proteins, which employs the
−NH resonances as the starting point.