Comparative Analysis of Active Drag Using the MAD System and an Assisted Towing Method in Front Crawl Swimming

Formosa, Danielle P.; Toussaint, H.M.; Mason, Bruce R.; Burkett, Brendan

doi:10.1123/jab.28.6.746

Cited by 24 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…All these adopted methodologies have their pros and cons (for a discussion on this point, the reader is referred to papers by Sacilotto, Ball, and Mason (2014), Toussaint et al (2004), and Zamparo et al (2009)). For these same reasons, despite the difficulty in directly comparing our data with that reported in the literature, our results indicate that Da values obtained using MRT are larger than Dp; this agrees with the findings of some previous studies (e.g., Di Prampero et al, 1974;Formosa et al, 2012;Gatta, Cortesi, Fantozzi, & Zamparo, 2015;Zamparo et al, 2009) but not with others in which Da was reported to be equal (or even lower) than Dp (e.g., Hollander et al, 1986;Toussaint et al, 1988;Toussaint et al, 2004;Van der Vaart et al, 1987). As recently pointed out by Gatta et al (2015), Da should be expected to be larger than Dp.…”

Section: ．Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Developing a methodology for estimating the drag in front-crawl swimming at various velocities

Narita

Nakashima

Takagi

2017

Journal of Biomechanics

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We aimed to develop a new method for evaluating the drag in front-crawl swimming at various velocities and at full stroke. In this study, we introduce the basic principle and apparatus for the new method, which estimates the drag in swimming using measured values of residual thrust (MRT). Furthermore, we applied the MRT to evaluate the active drag (Da) and compared it with the passive drag (Dp) measured for the same swimmers. Da was estimated in five-stages for velocities ranging from 1.0 to 1.4ms; Dp was measured at flow velocities ranging from 0.9 to 1.5ms at intervals of 0.1ms. The variability in the values of Da at MRT was also investigated for two swimmers. According to the results, Da (Da=32.3 v, N=30, R=0.90) was larger than Dp (Dp=23.5 v, N=42, R=0.89) and the variability in Da for the two swimmers was 6.5% and 3.0%. MRT can be used to evaluate Da at various velocities and is special in that it can be applied to various swimming styles. Therefore, the evaluation of drag in swimming using MRT is expected to play a role in establishing the fundamental data for swimming.

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Section: ．Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The velocity perturbation method (Kolmogorov & Duplishcheva, 1992;Toussaint et al, 2004) and the assisted towing method (Formosa, Toussaint, Mason, & Burkett, 2012) require that the swimmers swim with maximal effort. Hence, this method is not suitable for evaluating the active drag at various velocities, i.e., sub-maximal effort.…”

Section: ．Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a methodology for estimating the drag in front-crawl swimming at various velocities

Narita

Nakashima

Takagi

2017

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…The mean active drag of the nondisabled swimmers was 113.2 N at a mean maximal swimming speed of 1.71 m•s −1 . This is higher than previously reported for trained swimmers tested at a similar speed (1.68 m•s −1 ) on the MAD system (82.3 N) but lower than the mean of 148.3 N obtained for the same swimmers tested at the same speed using the ATM (25). Comparisons of active drag values between studies should be made with caution because it is inevitable that methodological differences may account for some of the apparent differences in active drag.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Active Drag as a Criterion for Evidence-based Classification in Para Swimming

Payton

Hogarth

Burkett

et al. 2020

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Introduction: Paralympic classification should provide athletes with an equitable starting point for competition by minimizing the impact their impairment has on the outcome of the event. As swimming is an event conducted in water, the ability to overcome drag (active and passive) is an important performance determinant. It is plausible that the ability to do this is affected by the type and severity of the physical impairment, but the current World Para Swimming classification system does not objectively account for this component. The aim of this study was to quantify active and passive drag in Para swimmers and evaluate the strength of association between these measures and type of physical impairment, swimming performance, and sport class. Methods: Seventy-two highly trained Para swimmers from sport classes S1 to S10 and 14 highly trained nondisabled swimmers were towed by a motorized winch while the towing force was recorded. Passive drag was measured with the arms held by the side; active drag was determined during freestyle swimming using an assisted towing method. Results: Active and passive drag were higher in Para swimmers with central motor and neuromuscular impairments than for nondisabled swimmers and were associated with severity of swim-specific impairment (sport class) and maximal freestyle performance in these swimmers (r = −0.40 to −0.50, P ≤ 0.02). Para swimmers with anthropometric impairments showed similar active and passive drag to nondisabled swimmers, and between swimmers from different sport classes. Conclusions: Para swimmers with central motor and neuromuscular impairments are predisposed to high active drag during freestyle swimming that impacts on their performance. It is recommended that drag measures be considered in revised classification for these swimmers, but not for those with anthropometric impairments.

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“…Due to the difficulty of quantifying the complex, unsteady flow profile around the whole body during swimming, it is currently not possible to measure both propulsive and resistive forces directly [3]. For this reason, there have been several estimative methods established that allow researchers to assess propulsive and/or resistive forces together with a swimming velocity, such as the MAD system [4], the velocity perturbation method [5], and the assisted towing method [6]. However, each method has disadvantages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between a Load-velocity Profile and Sprint Performance in Butterfly Swimming

et al. 2020

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The purpose of this study was to establish the relationships between 50 m sprint swimming performance and variables acquired from a swimming load-velocity profile established by semi-tethered butterfly swimming. Twelve male elite swimmers participated in the present study and performed 50 m sprint and semi-tethered butterfly swimming with different loads. The mean velocity among all upper-limb cycles was obtained from the 50 m swimming (race velocity), and maximum load and velocity were predicted from the load-velocity profile established by the semi-tethered swimming test. There was a very large correlation (r=0.885, p<0.01) and a high intra-class correlation (0.844, p<0.001) between the race velocity and the predicted maximum velocity. Significant correlations were also observed between the predicted maximum load and the 50 m time as well as the race velocity (r=− 0.624 and 0.556, respectively, both p<0.05), which imply that an ability to achieve a large tethered swimming force is associated with 50 m butterfly performance. These results indicate that the load-velocity profile is a useful tool for predicting and assessing sprint butterfly swimming performance.

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Comparative Analysis of Active Drag Using the MAD System and an Assisted Towing Method in Front Crawl Swimming

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Developing a methodology for estimating the drag in front-crawl swimming at various velocities

Developing a methodology for estimating the drag in front-crawl swimming at various velocities

Active Drag as a Criterion for Evidence-based Classification in Para Swimming

Relationships between a Load-velocity Profile and Sprint Performance in Butterfly Swimming

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