Comparative Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations and Potential Health Risks Across Varied Land-Use Zones in Ado-Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria

Abstract

An investigation was conducted to determine potential threats of heavy metal contaminants in soil samples from Ado-Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria, across distinct land-use zones. Five soil specimens were systematically gathered from each of the following locales, representing heightened anthropogenic activities: marketplaces, motor parks, schools, mining sites, and residential regions. Using an atomic absorption spectrometer, the soil samples' chemical compositions were scrutinized with a focus on elements such as As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe. Indices, including the geo-accumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI), were employed for contamination assessment of metals in the soils. Furthermore, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessments (HHRA), following the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines, were carried out to establish the probability of detrimental impacts of heavy metals in the soils on human and environmental health. Mean concentrations (mg/kg) across all zones for As,