Comparative Analysis of Kazakhstani and European Design Specifications: Raft Foundation, Pile Foundation, and Piled Raft Foundation

Abstract

The introduction of Eurocode in Kazakhstan allows for the application of modern technological innovations and the elimination of technical barriers for the realization of international projects. It is significant to study the international standards and design requirements provided in Eurocode. This study presents a comparative analysis of Kazakhstani and European approaches for the geotechnical design of foundations and provides the design methods in the considered codes of practice. Three different types of foundations (i.e., raft, pile, and piled raft foundations) were designed following SP RK 5.01-102-2013—Foundations of buildings and structures, SP RK 5.01-103-2013—Pile foundations, and Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design for the Nur-Sultan soil profile. For all three types of foundations, the calculated results of bearing resistance and elastic settlement showed the conservativeness of Eurocode over SNiP-based Kazakhstani building regulations, as the values of bearing resistance and elastic settlement adhering to Kazakhstani code exceeded the Eurocode values. The difference between the obtained results can be explained by the application of higher values of partial safety factors by Eurocode 7. Sensitivity analysis of the bearing resistance on foundation parameters (i.e., raft foundation width and pile length) for the Kazakhstani and European approaches was performed to support the conclusions of the study.

Robust Analysis and Design of Bored Pile Considering Uncertain Parameters

“…𝑅 𝑝 = 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 ′ 𝑁 𝑞 * ≤ 𝐴 𝑝 𝑞 𝐿 (9) where: q'effective vertical stress at the pile tip, 𝑁 𝑞 *bearing capacity factor which is a function of friction angle (Das, 2006).…”

“…Study by Brown et al [8] indicated that the ranges of diameter and depth of bored piles are 1 m to 2.5 m and 60-90 m, respectively. Bored piles can be constructed using different methods, such as drilling using shafts, drilling under dry condition, installation of caissons and drilled piers [9][10]. Axial resistance of bored piles is summation of the based and skin resistances of the piles.…”

Comparative Analysis of Seismic Design Codes for Shallow Foundations Adhering to the Kazakhstani and European Approaches

“…For 𝑒 ≤ 𝑒 : 𝑁 , = 0.5𝐵𝐿(𝑝 + 𝑝 ), (9) For 𝑒 > 𝑒 : 𝑁 , == ( / ) , (10) For 𝑒 > 𝐵/6 the vertical component of the ultimate resistance of the foundation under seismic load can be obtained as: 𝑁 , = 0.5𝑏 𝐿𝑝 , (11) where 𝑏 = 1.5(𝐵 − 2𝑒 ).…”

“…Moreover, the application of the European standard for seismic design enables harmonization between sustainability and safety of the design process. The reform in the construction sector involved the gradual transition to the Kazakhstani national standards SP RK EN and National Annexes (NAs) issued in 2016 [9]. The introduced code of practice was recommended for application in parallel with the current normative documents.…”

Comparative analysis of international codes of practice for pile foundation design considering negative skin friction effect

“…The development of the construction industry in the country is associated with the realization of extensive projects [25]. The authors studied the design of different types of foundations (i.e., shallow, pile, and piled raft foundations), adhering to the local and international design codes [36,42]. The previous studies revealed that special attention is required to be paid to the design of foundations.…”