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Introduction. The lack of hygienic norms for Mg2+ and Ca2+ in drinking water and the wide ranges of acceptable hygienic norms (AHN) of these cations in water packaged in containers determine the relevance of experimental studies on the substantiation of AHN of Mg2+, Ca2+ and the hardness of drinking water with a centralized water supply to the population. Material and methods. Chronic experiments were performed on 5 groups of adult Wistar rats (n = 50): control animals received drinking water (Ca2+ 20.0; Mg2+ 6.0 mg / dm3, hardness 1.5-1.8 mEq/dm3); four other groups received model drinking water with different contents of Ca2+ (50, 80, 100 and 140 mg/dm3) and Mg2+ (20, 40, 55 and 85 mg/dm3) by adding CaCl2 or MgSO4 salts to the control water. The effect of these drinking water samples on kidney function, ion osmotic blood parameters, plasma metabolites of lipid and protein metabolism, as well as the concentration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and cortisol were studied. Results. Prolonged action of increased concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the organism was established to cause alterations in fat metabolism, the adaptive activation of osmoregulatory and ion regulatory kidney functions, increasing the concentration of thyroid hormones and a decrease of cortisol titer in plasma. Magnesium led to more pronounced changes in water-salt metabolism, and at a concentration of 85.0 mg/dm3 (7.0 mg-Eq/dm3) - to depletion of secretion of the described hormones. Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, individual ranges for AHN of calcium and magnesium concentrations in water were recommended. The upper limit of AHN of drinking water total hardness is of 7.0 mg-Eq/dm3 at the joint presence of Ca2+and Mg2+. The rule of hygienic qualitative and quantitative estimation of calcium and magnesium types of drinking water hardness is formulated.
Introduction. The lack of hygienic norms for Mg2+ and Ca2+ in drinking water and the wide ranges of acceptable hygienic norms (AHN) of these cations in water packaged in containers determine the relevance of experimental studies on the substantiation of AHN of Mg2+, Ca2+ and the hardness of drinking water with a centralized water supply to the population. Material and methods. Chronic experiments were performed on 5 groups of adult Wistar rats (n = 50): control animals received drinking water (Ca2+ 20.0; Mg2+ 6.0 mg / dm3, hardness 1.5-1.8 mEq/dm3); four other groups received model drinking water with different contents of Ca2+ (50, 80, 100 and 140 mg/dm3) and Mg2+ (20, 40, 55 and 85 mg/dm3) by adding CaCl2 or MgSO4 salts to the control water. The effect of these drinking water samples on kidney function, ion osmotic blood parameters, plasma metabolites of lipid and protein metabolism, as well as the concentration of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and cortisol were studied. Results. Prolonged action of increased concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the organism was established to cause alterations in fat metabolism, the adaptive activation of osmoregulatory and ion regulatory kidney functions, increasing the concentration of thyroid hormones and a decrease of cortisol titer in plasma. Magnesium led to more pronounced changes in water-salt metabolism, and at a concentration of 85.0 mg/dm3 (7.0 mg-Eq/dm3) - to depletion of secretion of the described hormones. Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, individual ranges for AHN of calcium and magnesium concentrations in water were recommended. The upper limit of AHN of drinking water total hardness is of 7.0 mg-Eq/dm3 at the joint presence of Ca2+and Mg2+. The rule of hygienic qualitative and quantitative estimation of calcium and magnesium types of drinking water hardness is formulated.
Long-term consumption of drinking water with an increased concentration of vital trace elements Ca2+ and Mg2+ causes changes in osmo- and ion-regulating kidney functions. However, the mechanism of such changes is not entirely clear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of water with an increased Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration on kidney morphology in rats. Materials and Methods. Long-term experiments were carried out on 5 control groups of Wistar rats weighing 200–250 gr (n=110) and 4 experimental groups, which had been drinking water with different Ca2+ and Mg2+concentration for 6 months. In control groups, drinking water corresponded to sanitation and hygiene standards and contained 20 mg/dm3 of Ca2+ and 7 mg/dm3 of Mg2+; in experimental group 1, Ca2+concentration was 60 mg/dm3, and in experimental group 3 Мg2+ concentration was 35 mg/dm3, which corresponded to the hygienic standard; Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in groups 2 and 4 were equal to 120 mg/dm3 and 70 mg/dm3, respectively, which corresponded to the upper limit of the hygienic standard. Ca2+concentration in groups 3 and 4 and Mg2+ concentration in groups 1 and 2 corresponded to sanitation and hygiene standards. On the 182nd day of observation, animals of all groups were removed from the experiment and their kidneys were taken for morphological analysis. Kidney samples were fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin (C3H7OH) for 4–7 days. The general morphological picture was studied on hematoxylin and eosin-stained survey samples. Results. The greatest changes in the renal glomerulus structure were observed in experimental groups 2 and 4. The authors observed a significant increase in the renal corpuscle area and a decrease in the urinary space area in comparison with the control. Red cell adherence in the glomerular capillaries could be explained by the loss of negative charge by proteoglycans of the red cells glycocalyx under the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations. In group 1 and group 2 kidney samples, the described morphological signs were minimal and did not differ significantly from the control. Conclusion. Consumption of drinking water with a high concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ leads to structural changes in the renal corpuscle and can cause impairments in the osmo- and ion-regulating kidney functions. Keywords: kidney, morphology, magnesium, calcium, hardness, drinking water, rat. Длительное потребление питьевой воды с повышенным содержанием витальных микроэлементов Ca2+ и Mg2+ вызывает изменение осмо- и ионорегулирующей функций почек. Однако механизм этих изменений не совсем понятен. Цель исследования – оценить влияние воды с повышенным содержанием Ca2+ и Mg2+ на морфологию почек крыс. Материалы и методы. Хронические эксперименты выполнены на 5 группах крыс линии Wistar массой 200–250 г (n=110) – контрольной и 4 экспериментальных, которые в течение 6 мес. получали питьевую воду с различным содержанием Ca2+ и Mg2+. В контрольной группе питьевая вода соответствовала санитарно-гигиеническим нормам и содержала 20 мг/дм3 Са2+ и 7 мг/дм3 Мg2+; в 1-й экспериментальной группе концентрация Са2+ составляла 60 мг/дм3, а в 3-й – магния 35 мг/дм3, что соответствовало оптимальной гигиенической норме; концентрация Са2+ и Мg2+ во 2-й и 4-й группах были равны 120 мг/дм3 и 70 мг/дм3 соответственно, что отражало верхнюю границу допустимой гигиенической нормы. Концентрации Са2+ в 3-й и 4-й группах и Мg2+ в 1-й и 2-й группах соответствовали санитарно-гигиеническим нормам. На 182-е сут наблюдения животных всех групп выводили из эксперимента и забирали почки для проведения морфологического анализа. Образцы данного органа фиксировали в 10 % растворе нейтрального формалина (C3H7OH) в течение 4–7 сут. Изучение общей морфологической картины осуществляли на обзорных препаратах, окрашенных гематоксилином Бемера и эозином. Результаты. Наибольшие изменения в структуре почечного клубочка наблюдались у крыс 2-й и 4-й экспериментальных групп. Обнаружено достоверное увеличение площади почечных телец и уменьшение площади мочевого пространства по сравнению с контрольными образцами. Наличие признаков сладж-феномена эритроцитов в капиллярах клубочка может объясняться потерей отрицательного заряда протеогликанами гликокаликса эритроцитов под влиянием катионов Са2+ и Мg2+. В образцах почек крыс 1-й и 3-й групп описанные морфологические признаки были минимальными и достоверно не отличались от контроля. Выводы. В условиях потребления питьевой воды с избыточным содержанием Са2+ и Мg2+ происходит изменение структуры почечного тельца, что может привести к нарушениям осмо- и ионорегулирующей функций почек. Ключевые слова: почка, морфология, магний, кальций, жесткость, питьевая вода, крыса.
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