Comparative analysis of scrapie agent inactivation methods

Ernst, Darwin; Race, Richard E.

doi:10.1016/0166-0934(93)90126-c

Cited by 109 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The high resistance of TSE agents to conventional methods of chemical or thermal inactivation and to UV or ionizing radiation (Alper et al, 1966(Alper et al, , 1967Brown et al, 1982Brown et al, , 1986Kimberlin et al, 1983;Taguchi et al, 1991;Tateishi et al, 1991;Ernst & Race, 1993;Taylor et al, 1994;Manuelidis, 1997;Taylor, 1999; for review see Taylor, 2000), as well as their high binding affinity to and tenacity on steel surfaces (Zobeley et al, 1999;Flechsig et al, 2001), warrant specific decontamination procedures in the reprocessing of surgical instruments (Rutala & Weber, 2001). Treatments that are considered appropriate for decontamination include use of 1-2 M NaOH solution (for 24 h), 2?5-5 % NaOCl solution (for 24 h) as well as 3, 4 or 6 M GdnSCN solution (for 24 h, 1 h or 15 min, respectively), followed by steam sterilization at 134 u C for 18 min to 1 h (Simon & Pauli, 1998;World Health Organization, 1999;Hörnlimann et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decontamination of surgical instruments from prion proteins: in vitro studies on the detachment, destabilization and degradation of PrPSc bound to steel surfaces

Lemmer

Mielke

Pauli

et al. 2004

Journal of General Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Effective reprocessing of surgical instruments ensuring elimination of inadvertent contamination with infectious agents causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) is essential for the prevention of iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) or its new variant (vCJD) from asymptomatic carriers. In a search for effective yet instrument-friendly and routinely applicable reprocessing procedures, we used an in vitro carrier assay to assess the decontamination activity exerted by different reagents on pathological prion protein (PrP Sc ), the biochemical marker for TSE infectivity, attached to steel surfaces. In this assay, steel wires were contaminated with 263K scrapie brain homogenate and reprocessed for decontamination by exposure to several different test reagents. Residual contamination with PrP Sc and its protease-resistant core PrP27-30, still present after reprocessing on the wire surface or in the cleaning solution, was monitored by sensitive Western blot detection without or after proteinase K digestion. Using this approach, various reagents and processing conditions were screened for both their efficacy of decontamination and their active principles, such as detachment, destabilization or degradation of surface-bound prion protein. This revealed that, under appropriate conditions, relatively mild reagents such as 0?2 % SDS/0?3 % NaOH (pH 12?8), a commercially available alkaline cleaner (pH 11?9-12?2), a disinfectant containing 0?2 % peracetic acid and low concentrations of NaOH (pH 8?9) or 5 % SDS (pH 7?1) exert potent decontaminating activities on PrP Sc /PrP27-30 attached to steel surfaces. For in vivo validation, wires reprocessed in these reagents have been implanted into reporter animals in ongoing experiments.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decontamination of surgical instruments from prion proteins: in vitro studies on the detachment, destabilization and degradation of PrPSc bound to steel surfaces

Lemmer

Mielke

Pauli

et al. 2004

Journal of General Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3,4,9,14 Since techniques that destroy prions (i.e., alkaline hydrolysis, treatment with the phenolic disinfectant LpH) may not be available or practical for disposal of infected animals or tissues, 3,14,15 alternative, practical methods for decontamination of TSEcontaminated biomaterial are needed. Because the reduction of PK-resistant PrP can be correlated to infectivity loss, 1,8 we speculate that the time-and temperaturedependent reduction in PrP CWD immunoreactivity could reflect its destruction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Time and Temperature on PrP^CWD Immunoreactivity as Evidenced by Western Blot

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The protease-resistant infectious prion protein, PrP res , that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, is remarkably resistant to conventional physical and chemical sterilization methods, including heat. It was hypothesized that thermal-dependent PrP res degradation has been underestimated, and the effect of prolonged incubation at 37uC, 55uC, and 80uC on PrP res detection was examined using brain homogenates from chronic wasting disease-affected elk and mule deer (PrP CWD ). Immunoblotting demonstrated progressive loss of PrP CWD immunoreactivity with time in all incubated samples as temperature increased, and PrP CWD was virtually undetectable after 90 days of incubation at 55uC and 80uC. These results indicate that decontamination methods and tissue disposal systems maintaining elevated temperatures for long periods of time could interfere with immunodetection, and the reliability of assays for PrP res detection could be compromised when applied to tissues exposed to heat with time. Although these results may suggest that such prolonged heat treatment could destroy prions, the observed loss of immunoreactivity does not necessarily correlate with a concurrent loss of infectivity. Bioassay is needed to determine if samples that have been incubated under these conditions retain infectivity.

show abstract

“…Gravity displacement and prevacuum (porous load) steam sterilizers have been tested using various temperatures and total cycle times (4,30,34,37). However, the results are also contradictory, with some reports showing complete inactivation of the prion and other reports showing incomplete inactivation with both prevacuum (porous load) and gravity displacement steam sterilizers (4,29,30,35,37).…”

Section: Infection Control Issues and Cjdmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Chemical processes include the use of either sodium hypochlorite or sodium hydroxide, which have both been found to be effective in decreasing the infectivity of prions (4,30,34,37). In one study, an unexplained and unexpected finding associated with sodium hydroxide was that with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie agents, 2 h exposures were less effective than 30 or 60 min procedures (30).…”

Section: Infection Control Issues and Cjdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The best defined model, scrapie in mice or hamsters, has been repeatedly used in studies to establish practical inactivation procedures. Specific parameters addressed have included the levels of infectivity after exposure to particular chemicals, the temperature range for inactivating the agent by steam sterilization, and comparisons between prevacuum steam (porous load) and gravity displacement sterilizers (30)(31)(32)(33)(34). Study results have not been consistent for a variety of reasons: nonstandardized methods with a variety of tissues and varied strains of TSE were chosen for the experiments (eg, intact brain, dried macerated brain tissue or brain homogenates), some strains were more thermostable than others, and varying sample sizes with varying titres of infectivity were used (4,29,35).…”

Section: Infection Control Issues and Cjdmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease and Infection Control

Johnston

Conly

2001

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the past year, several situations have occurred in Canada in which patients who had recently undergone a surgical procedure were subsequently diagnosed with confirmed or suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). This raised concerns over contamination of surgical instruments: which instruments might have been contaminated from direct exposure to tissues; can instruments become cross-contaminated by exposure to other contaminated instruments; what assessment is necessary to determine cross-contamination; and what should be done with instruments that have been contaminated. Additionally, should there be a patient traceback in the face of potential but unproven exposure? Unfortunately, there are no easy answers to most of the above questions. Australia, the United Kingdom and the World Health Organization have developed guidelines for the infection control management of patients with CJD, as well as instruments and devices that come into contact with them and their tissues (1-3). Health Canada's draft CJD infection control guidelines, withdrawn from the Health Canada Web site until safety concerns regarding sodium hydroxide can be addressed, closely mirrored recommendations made in those documents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for CJD are under revision. However, a recent American publication made recommendations on what procedures should be used for reprocessing items that have been in contact with the prion protein (PrP) (4). These recommendations differ substantially from the draft Canadian guidelines. This article reviews current knowledge about CJD, and highlights some of the infection control concerns and controversies.

show abstract

Comparative analysis of scrapie agent inactivation methods

Cited by 109 publications

References 38 publications

Decontamination of surgical instruments from prion proteins: in vitro studies on the detachment, destabilization and degradation of PrPSc bound to steel surfaces

Decontamination of surgical instruments from prion proteins: in vitro studies on the detachment, destabilization and degradation of PrPSc bound to steel surfaces

Effect of Time and Temperature on PrP^CWD Immunoreactivity as Evidenced by Western Blot

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease and Infection Control

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Comparative analysis of scrapie agent inactivation methods

Cited by 109 publications

References 38 publications

Decontamination of surgical instruments from prion proteins: in vitro studies on the detachment, destabilization and degradation of PrPSc bound to steel surfaces

Decontamination of surgical instruments from prion proteins: in vitro studies on the detachment, destabilization and degradation of PrPSc bound to steel surfaces

Effect of Time and Temperature on PrPCWD Immunoreactivity as Evidenced by Western Blot

Creutzfeldt‐Jakob Disease and Infection Control

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effect of Time and Temperature on PrP^CWD Immunoreactivity as Evidenced by Western Blot