Comparative Analysis of Serum Levels of Aluminum and Lead in Dialysis Patients, Pre and post Dialysis

Abstract

Background: Accumulation or deficiency of trace elements can occur in hemodialysis patients and it increases risk of cardiovascular or other organs disorders. Special ions levels such as sodium and bicarbonate in dialysis fluid are accurately regulated but the remaining elements are not regularly measured. Aluminum and lead belong to the biologic performance free heavy metals .They also has a tendency to accumulate in hemodialysis patients. This study aims to compare serum Al and lead levels in hemodialysis patients before and after dialysis during 6 months period. Materials and Methods: This comparative longitudinal research has been a comparative long-itudinal research conducted to 86 hemodialysis patients in Imam Khomeini and Fatima Zahra in Sari. Sampling was done on patients for three times (two times before dialysis with 6 months interval and one time after dialysis in the sixth month). It has been measured by spectrophotometer method. In order to compare the metal mean and standard deviation, Anova analysis method and also evaluating intra group difference with paired test has been used. Results: In the 100 hemodialysis patients, the mean age and duration of hemodialysis were 57.0±7.3 years and 15.28±5.73 months, respectively. Al level in patient's serum was 30.7± 6.2 and 37.5 ± 6.8 mg/dl before and after dialysis, respectively. The post-dialysis Al level became statistically significant (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between pre dialysis Al concentrations during 6 months interval. We weren't finding significant difference in lead level between the three samples taken. Conclusion: Trace elements status in chronic kidney diseases patients is influenced by a renal function residual, size and dialyzer membrane surface. The water nature also is used for dialysis fluid preparation and composition. Trace elements in ESRD patients differed from healthy individuals. So this issue requires accurate studies on trace elements clinical aspects in ESRD patients.

The correlation between uremic pruritus and blood lead levels in prevalent hemodialysis patients and its relation to the severity of pruritus using visual analog score

“…Therefore, environmental exposure to lead, even at low levels, may increase the BLL in these patients. These results are in agreement with other randomized studies on ESRD patients and blood lead levels [21,22]. However, a study on aluminum and lead in ESRD showed that appropriate dialysis adequacy had no effect on serum metal levels before and after dialysis [22].…”

“…These results are in agreement with other randomized studies on ESRD patients and blood lead levels [21,22]. However, a study on aluminum and lead in ESRD showed that appropriate dialysis adequacy had no effect on serum metal levels before and after dialysis [22]. Another study in 2011 stated that patients with high blood lead levels have higher Kt/V and urea values that can be attributed to the higher blood flow rate and dialysate flow rate.…”

Circulatory Imbalance of Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Pre-dialysis and Hemodialysis Patients

“…In contrast, the high levels of Pb we measured in the blood of HD patients should be further investigated, as it is well known that Pb is distributed to the kidneys after gastrointestinal absorption. Atieh Makhlough et al [ 33 ] noted that elevated Pb levels in HD patients could be due to almost complete loss of renal function and difficulty in removing Pb during hemodialysis. The status of serum U in patients on HD is unknown.…”

Evaluation of Iead Effects on Laccase Enzyme Activity in Bacillus Subtilis WPI

“…The results obtained for B. subtilis WPI growth within 10 days of incubation indicated that the highest and lowest growth rates on 5 and 10 days were 2.6×10 4 and 0.73×10 4 CFU/mL, respectively ( Figure 1A). Moreover, this bacterium had the best growth rate at 35°C and the highest light absorption at this temperature was 0.35.…”

“…Lead (Pb) as one of the most toxic elements that enter the environment through various industries, such as petrochemicals, battery pro-duction, crystallization, mining, lead processing, and mainly burning of fossil fuels. Lead is a metal without biological function [3,4].…”