Comparative Analysis of the Inhibitory Mechanism of Aβ_1–42 Aggregation by Diruthenium Complexes

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the search for metal-based therapeutics for protein misfolding disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A novel and largely unexplored class of metallodrugs is constituted by paddlewheel diruthenium complexes, which exhibit unusual water solubility and stability and unique coordination modes to proteins. Here, we investigate the ability of the complexes [Ru2Cl(DPhF)(O2CCH3)3]·H2O (1), [Ru2Cl(DPhF)2(O2CCH3)2]·H2O (2), and K2[Ru2(DPhF)(CO3)3]·3H2O (3) (DPhF– = N,N′-diphenylformamidinate) to interfere with the amyloid aggregation of the Aβ1–42 peptide. These compounds differ in charge and steric hindrance due to the coordination of a different number of bulky ligands. The mechanisms of action of the three complexes were studied by employing a plethora of physicochemical and biophysical techniques as well as cellular assays. All these studies converge on different mechanisms of inhibition of amyloid fibrillation: complexes 1 and 2 show a clear inhibitory effect due to an exchange ligand process in the Ru2 unit aided by aromatic interactions. Complex 3 shows no inhibition of aggregation, probably due to its negative charge in solution. This study demonstrates that slight variations in the ligands surrounding the bimetallic core can modulate the amyloid aggregation inhibition and supports the use of paddlewheel diruthenium complexes as promising therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease.

Overcoming Resistance of Caco-2 Cells to 5-Fluorouracil through Diruthenium Complex Encapsulation in PMMA Nanoparticles

“…How these diruthenium compounds exert their antitumor activity is largely unknown, and only a few studies showed how they interact with biological molecules. Particularly, reactions with ascorbic acid or glutathione have been studied from a kinetic and mechanistic point of view, as well as the coordination to amino acids, proteins, − nucleotides, or even RNA …”