Comparative Analysis of Tunisian Wild Crataegus azarolus (Yellow Azarole) and Crataegus monogyna (Red Azarole) Leaf, Fruit, and Traditionally Derived Syrup: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Aqueous-Acetone Extracts

Abstract

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the yellow and red azarole phenolic extracts prepared from leaf, fruit peel/pulp, and syrup were comparatively investigated. The yellow azarole was found significantly richer in polyphenols than the red-fruit species. Hyperoside was the main phenolic in both yellow and red azarole leaves and only in yellow fruits, whereas procyanidin B2 was the major compound in red fruits. Yellow azarole leaf and fruit peel extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities using DPPH (≈168 and 79 μmol TEAC/g fw, respectively) and FRAP (≈378 and 161 μmol Fe(2+)/g fw, respectively) assays. The highest antibacterial activities were recorded for the yellow azarole leaf and fruit peel extracts, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis . The low phenolic content of the syrups contrasted with their significant antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials, which were correlated to their hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (furan derivative amounts) content.

Antimicrobial activity of 50 plant extracts

“…The highest antibacterial activities were recorded for the yellow azarole leaf and fruit peel extracts, especially against S. aureus and S. faecalis (Belkhir et al, 2013). We obtained high antibacterial effect of Crataegus monogyna on P. vulgaris and K. рneumonia (10.4 and 6.3 mm, respectively).…”

Nutraceuticals in Alternative and Underutilized Fruits as Functional Food Ingredients: Ancient Species for New Health Needs

“…exert a wide range of pharmaceutical properties, especially on the cardiovascular system, including cardiotonic, antiarrhythmic, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant activities. The use of fruits in the treatment of heart ailments dates back to the late 1800s and numerous laboratory tests and clinical trials have demonstrated their efficacy in the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases (Belkhir et al, 2013).…”

Proteolytic regulation of the extent of dietary proteins with skin grape proanthocyanidin and anthocyanidin's interactions

“…This result illustrates the positive effect of this protease on the enrichment of soluble polyphenols, a finding that could be extrapolated to beverages concurrently containing grape skin phenolics and proteins. The colorimetric method is based on the chemical reducing capacity of polyphenols (Belkhir et al ., ). However, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent might interact with amino acids of BSA, OVA and CAS as well as with pepsin which could limit the accuracy of the obtained results.…”