Comparative assessment of the intrinsic sensitivity of crop species and wild plant species to plant protection products and their active substances and potential implications for the risk assessment: A literature review

Christl, Heino; Morilla, Jaime; Hoen, Thierry; Zumkier, Ulrich

doi:10.1002/ieam.4115

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The modes of action list present in the database is described in Christl et al (). Most reproductive data were available for amino acid synthesis inhibitors (AASI) herbicides, including, for example, the sulfonylureas or glyphosate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not counting the confidential study reports that were provided by the data holders (see Christl et al ), a total of 45 published papers, including EFSA , were found to report ER x values of reproductive endpoints (or at least effect data that allowed us to deduce approximate effect rates), some however citing only other original papers. Unique numbers were thus assigned to each experiment in the database so that each study was considered only once.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Assessment of Vegetative and Reproductive Terrestrial Plant Species Endpoints from Exposure to Herbicides and Potential Environmental Implications: A Review

Christl¹,

Hoen²,

Zumkier³

2019

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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To investigate whether vegetative endpoints are protective of reproductive endpoints in terrestrial plant risk assessments (RAs) for authorization of plant protection products (PPPs), we assessed differences in sensitivity to herbicides between these parameters. Published literature and unpublished proprietary data generated for the registration of PPPs were used to compile a database. If reproductive endpoints were systematically more sensitive than the vegetative endpoints on which regulatory decisions are presently based, a concern could be raised about the protectiveness of the current RA process. Vegetative and reproductive endpoints were assessed considering further potentially relevant parameters. Reproductive endpoints were compared with vegetative endpoints of juvenile plants or with those of mature plants. Direct comparison by substance–species combination proved to be most adequate and was used to calculate quotients by effect level. In addition, we assessed the spread between different effect levels, estimating by which factor the conservatism would increase if effect rate (ER)50 endpoints were replaced by ER25 or ER10 endpoints with otherwise unchanged test parameters. Reproductive endpoints were found to be similarly sensitive as vegetative endpoints derived in nontarget terrestrial plant (NTTP) studies conducted following Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) or US Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP) guidelines. A switch from vegetative to reproductive endpoints would therefore not significantly change the conservatism (less than a factor of 1.5), whereas the change from ER50 to ER10 would (by a factor of ~5 to 6). However, because ecotoxicological tests on terrestrial plants bear intrinsic high variability that prevents the reliable detection of effects at the 10% effect level, ER10 endpoints are not a reliable basis for RA. No particular family, genus, or species with clusters of distinctly insensitive vegetative and sensitive reproductive endpoints could be identified that would call for regular testing of reproductive endpoints. Also, from the data set available, no specific herbicidal modes of action could be singled out for acting particularly on reproductive endpoints. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:166–183. © 2019 SETAC

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Assessment of Vegetative and Reproductive Terrestrial Plant Species Endpoints from Exposure to Herbicides and Potential Environmental Implications: A Review

Christl¹,

Hoen²,

Zumkier³

2019

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

Self Cite

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“…The results of previous studies comparing the sensitivities of crops and nontarget terrestrial plant species to herbicides are inconclusive. Some have reported no differences in sensitivity between crop species and nontarget terrestrial plant species (Boutin and Rogers 2000; White and Boutin 2007; Carpenter and Boutin 2010; Strandberg et al 2012; Christl et al 2019), whereas others have found nontarget terrestrial plant species to be significantly more sensitive than crops (Boutin and Rogers 2000; Schmitz et al 2014; Boutin et al 2014). The present study acknowledges the fact that a high proportion of nontarget terrestrial plant species in field boundaries are perennial plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Low Doses of Herbicides on Different Endpoints in the Life Cycle of Nontarget Terrestrial Plants

Mathiassen

Boutin

Strandberg

et al. 2021

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Herbicide drift may cause adverse effects on natural and seminatural plant communities, and it has been debated whether the current ecological risk assessments are adequate to protect nontarget terrestrial plant species. In the present study, 9 nontarget terrestrial plant species with different lifespans (3 annual/6 perennial) belonging to 6 different plant families were exposed to 4 herbicides with different modes of action at the vegetative (6–8 leaf) and reproductive (bud) stages separately. The plant tests were conducted under controlled conditions in 2 greenhouses, 1 located in Denmark and 1 in Canada. For both growth stages, effects were recorded on vegetative (above‐ground biomass 3 wk after treatment) and reproductive endpoints (number and germinability of seeds). In most cases, responses following exposure at the juvenile stage were greater than responses following exposure at the reproductive stage. For the combinations of herbicides and plant species included in the present study, we found that the sensitivities of vegetative and reproductive endpoints were equal, or else vegetative endpoints were more sensitive than reproductive endpoints. We also found that annual species were more sensitive than perennial species. The overall conclusions cover many different response patterns, and it is evident that some effects may not be found in the currently used standard tests. Generally, more pronounced effects were obtained in Denmark compared with Canada, highlighting the fact that even under standardized test conditions and following common guidelines, several uncontrollable factors can still induce variable results. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1389–1404. © 2021 SETAC

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“…Similar observations were made by Strandberg et al (2019). Furthermore, a recent well‐performed literature review showed that wild plant species appear to be of a similar sensitivity toward herbicides like other plant species and the NTTP risk assessment based on tests performed with “nonwild” species is protective for all species (Christl, Morilla et al 2019). The recommended MEKA 1 seed mixture comprises 11 species from 7 plant families.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Field Study Method as a Potential Higher Tier Option to Refine Herbicide Risk Assessment for Nontarget Terrestrial Plants

Isemer

Mihan

Peeters³

et al. 2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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During herbicide spray application, nontarget terrestrial plants (NTTPs) growing in the off‐field area need to be protected from unacceptable effects of herbicide drift. The risk of such unintended effects is assessed in order to establish whether a particular use can be approved, possibly in combination with mitigation measures. In Europe, the risk of herbicide treatment to NTTPs is assessed on the basis of tier 2 studies done under controlled conditions in greenhouses. Following the concept of a tiered testing approach, higher tier field studies under more realistic conditions could be used to refine the risk assessment. No current guideline for conducting higher tier NTTP field studies is available. We developed an NTTP higher tier field study method done on an experimental plant community established by sowing of a seed mixture. The setup was optimized in 3 pilot field studies and subsequently used for a definitive study testing effects of the herbicide iofensulfuron‐sodium. Results show that the method can be regarded as a suitable higher tier option for assessing effects of herbicides on NTTPs. Growth of species from the soil seed bank cannot be avoided and has to be carefully considered when evaluating results. Adaptations of the study design may be necessary when testing different herbicides. Community‐level endpoints were at the same level as single‐species endpoints. Results of the field study were compared to standard greenhouse study results for the same herbicide. No observed effect rates (NOERs) in the field were about a factor of 10 higher and show that the current tier 2 risk assessment for NTTPs can be regarded as protective in this case. Whether the present field study design and the assessed endpoints can be used in higher tier risk assessment of NTTPs depends on selection of the specific protection goal and requires further discussion. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:691–705. © 2020 Bayer AG. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

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Comparative assessment of the intrinsic sensitivity of crop species and wild plant species to plant protection products and their active substances and potential implications for the risk assessment: A literature review

Cited by 13 publications

References 58 publications

Comparative Assessment of Vegetative and Reproductive Terrestrial Plant Species Endpoints from Exposure to Herbicides and Potential Environmental Implications: A Review

Comparative Assessment of Vegetative and Reproductive Terrestrial Plant Species Endpoints from Exposure to Herbicides and Potential Environmental Implications: A Review

Effects of Low Doses of Herbicides on Different Endpoints in the Life Cycle of Nontarget Terrestrial Plants

A Field Study Method as a Potential Higher Tier Option to Refine Herbicide Risk Assessment for Nontarget Terrestrial Plants

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