Comparative characterization study of LYSO:Ce crystals for timing applications

Addesa, F. M.; Barria, P.; Bianco, R.; Campana, M.; Cavallari, F.; Cemmi, Alessia; Cipriani, M.; Dafinei, I.; Re, D. Del; Diemoz, M.; ď, Imperio, G.; Marco, E. Di; Orsi, B. ď; Enculescu, Monica; Longo, Elson; Lucchini, M. T.; F., Marchegiani,; Meridiani, P.; Nisi, S.; Organtini, G.; Pandolfi, F.; Paramatti, R.; Pettinacci, V.; Quaranta, C.; Rahatlou, S.; Rovelli, C.; Sarcina, Ilaria Di; Soffi, L.; Tramontano, R.; Tully, C.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/17/08/p08028

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This scintillation signal is characterized by a scintillation rise time of about 70 ps, scintillation decay times of about 40 ns and a light yield of up to 40000 optical photons per deposited MeV (ph MeV −1 ) (Gundacker et al 2018). Co-doping L(Y)SO:Ce with Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ ions, where the charge of the divalent doping is compensated by Ce 4+ (Chou 2012), has reduced the scintillation rise times to 21 ps and effective scintillation decay times to about 30 ns, but lowered the light yield to 32 000 to 39 000 ph MeV −1 (Blahuta et al 2013, ter Weele et al 2014, 2016, Martinez Turtos et al 2016, 2019, Rusiecka et al 2021, Addesa et al 2022. The change of these properties strongly depends on the actual co-doping fraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing advances of commercial divalent-ion co-doped LYSO:Ce and SiPMs in sub-100 ps time-of-flight positron emission tomography

et al. 2023

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Objective: Together with novel photodetector technologies and emerging electronic front-end designs, scintillator material research is one of the key aspects to obtain ultra-fast timing in time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET). In the late 1990s, Cerium-doped lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) has been established as the state-of-the-art PET scintillator due to its fast decay time, high light yield and high stopping power. It has been shown that co-doping with divalent ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, is beneficial for its scintillation characteristics and timing performance. Therefore, this work aims to identify a fast scintillation material to combine it with novel photosensor technologies to push the state of the art in TOF-PET. Approach: This study evaluates commercially available LYSO:Ce,Ca and LYSO:Ce,Mg samples manufactured by Taiwan Applied Crystal Co., LTD. regarding their rise and decay times as well as their coincidence time resolution (CTR) with both ultra-fast high-frequency (HF) readout and commercially available readout electronics, i.e., the TOFPET2 ASIC. Main results: The co-doped samples exhibit state-of-the-art rise times of on average 60 ps and effective decay times of on average 35 ns. Using the latest technological improvements made on NUV-MT SiPMs by Fondazione Bruno Kessler and Broadcom Inc., a 3x3x19mm3 LYSO:Ce,Ca crystal achieves a CTR of 95 ps (FWHM) with ultra-fast HF readout and 157 ps (FWHM) with the system-applicable TOFPET2 ASIC. Evaluating the timing limits of the scintillation material, we even show a CTR of 56 ps (FWHM) for small 2x2x3mm3 pixels. A complete overview of the timing performance obtained with different coatings (Teflon, BaSO4) and different crystal sizes coupled to standard Broadcom AFBR-S4N33C013 SiPMs will be presented and discussed. Significance: This work thoroughly evaluates commercially available co-doped LYSO:Ce crystals and, in combination with novel NUV-MT SiPMs, shows a TOF performance that significantly exceeds the current state of the art.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing advances of commercial divalent-ion co-doped LYSO:Ce and SiPMs in sub-100 ps time-of-flight positron emission tomography

et al. 2023

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“…This means that a time resolution in the order of 𝜎 𝑡 = 100 ps (from Δ𝑡 ≈ 3𝜎 𝑡 ) should be achieved. The CMS BTL based on LYSO:Ce bars with SiPM readout on each end integrated a precision 30 ps timing layer with a high resolution crystal calorimeter [253];…”

Section: Jinst 19 T02015mentioning

confidence: 99%

Muon Collider Forum report

Black,

Jindariani,

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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A multi-TeV muon collider offers a spectacular opportunity in the direct exploration of the energy frontier. Offering a combination of unprecedented energy collisions in a comparatively clean leptonic environment, a high energy muon collider has the unique potential to provide both precision measurements and the highest energy reach in one machine that cannot be paralleled by any currently available technology. The topic generated a lot of excitement in Snowmass meetings and continues to attract a large number of supporters, including many from the early career community. In light of this very strong interest within the US particle physics community, Snowmass Energy, Theory and Accelerator Frontiers created a cross-frontier Muon Collider Forum in November of 2020. The Forum has been meeting on a monthly basis and organized several topical workshops dedicated to physics, accelerator technology, and detector R&D. Findings of the Forum are summarized in this report.

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“…Furthermore, (Alva-Sánchez et al 2018, Alva-Sánchez 2022) investigated into the BG spectrum of LYSO crystals to explore the effects of different crystal geometries, and sizes. Addesa et al (2022) have expanded this exploration by investigating the correlation between BG signal intensity and crystal density. The pioneering work of Knoess et al (2002) and Watson et al (2004) suggested the utilization of radiation signals from 176 Lu to monitor daily performance in LYSO-based PET detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of lutetium density in LYSO crystals: methodology and PET detector applications

Thien,

Nemallapudi

2024

Phys. Med. Biol.

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Objective: Lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) scintillation crystals are used in positron emission tomography (PET) due to their high gamma attenuation, fair energy resolution, and fast scintillation decay time. The enduring presence of the 176Lu isotope, characterized by a half-life of 37.9 billion years, imparts a consistent radiation background (BG) profile that depends on the geometry and composition attributes of the LYSO crystals.Approach: In this work, we proposed a methodology for estimating the composition of LYSO crystals in cases where the exact Lutetium composition remains unknown. The connection between BG spectrum intensity and intrinsic radioactivity enables precise estimation of Lutetium density in LYSO crystal samples. This methodology was initially applied to a well-characterized LYSO crystal sample, yielding results closely aligned with the known composition. The composition estimation approach was extended to several samples of undisclosed LYSO crystals, encompassing single crystal and crystal array configurations. Furthermore, we model the background spectrum observed in the LYSO-based detector and validate the observed spectra via simulations.Main results: The estimated Lutetium composition exhibited adequate consistency across different samples of the same LYSO material, with variations of less than 1%. The result of the proposed approach coupled with the simulation successfully models the background radiation spectra in various LYSO-based detector geometries.Significance: The implications of this work extend to the predictive assessment of system behaviors and the autonomous configuration parameters governing LYSO-based detectors.

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Comparative characterization study of LYSO:Ce crystals for timing applications

Cited by 10 publications

References 18 publications

Timing advances of commercial divalent-ion co-doped LYSO:Ce and SiPMs in sub-100 ps time-of-flight positron emission tomography

Timing advances of commercial divalent-ion co-doped LYSO:Ce and SiPMs in sub-100 ps time-of-flight positron emission tomography

Muon Collider Forum report

Determination of lutetium density in LYSO crystals: methodology and PET detector applications

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