Comparative detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 using antigen ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods in cattle with pneumonia

Abstract

Introduction Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a major health problem affecting cattle populations worldwide (1-3). Primarily, viral agents cause damage to the respiratory system in BRDC cases, while bacteria and mycoplasmas are secondary causes (1, 3, 4-6). The viral agents that cause respiratory system diseases in cattle include bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine coronavirus (BoCV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3), bovine adenovirus, bovine enterovirus 1, 2 and 3, and bovine rhinovirus 1 and 2 (5,7). BoHV-1 causes several clinical conditions, including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in respiratory system, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) in genital system of female cattle, infectious pustular balanoposthitis (IPB) in genital system of male cattle, conjunctivitis, and generalized disease in newborn calves. Overall, it is an important agent causing livestock losses globally (8). BoHV-1 belongs to Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, Varicellovirus genus of Herpesviridae family (9). After entering the body, it spreads locally or via neuro-invasion and viremia. The viral agent replicates at the location

Seroprevalance of Respiratory Viruses and Pestivirus Screening in Ruminant Species in Diyarbakır Region, Turkey

“…Ülkemizde BRDC enfeksiyonları yaygın olup hayvan sağlığı ve ekonomik açıdan önemi birçok çalışmada vurgulanmıştır. [23][24][25][26] Sığırlarda BVDV enfeksiyonu dünya genelinde yaygın olup, ülkemizde ruminantlardaki seropozitiflik oranları %1,8-%96,6 arasında saptanmıştır. 3,27-31 Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki illerde yapılan çalışmalarda Şan- lıurfa' daki sığırlarlarda BVDV seroprevalansı %96,6 olarak belirlenmiştir.…”

An overview of the detection of bovine respiratory disease complex pathogens using immunohistochemistry: emerging trends and opportunities

“…Despite these inherent complexities, IHC remains an important tool in BRDC studies given its ability to detect and visualize the distribution of pathogens within tissues, including the localization of inflammatory cells and other markers. 17,56,95,115 Viruses and members of the Mycoplasmataceae family are often considered primary causes of BRDC, with other bacterial species typically acting as secondary invaders. Most of these bacteria are gram-negative commensal organisms that infiltrate the respiratory system via inhalation or breaches in the mucosal barrier.…”

“…Despite these inherent complexities, IHC remains an important tool in BRDC studies given its ability to detect and visualize the distribution of pathogens within tissues, including the localization of inflammatory cells and other markers. 17 , 56 , 95 , 115 …”

“… 72 BoHV-1 antigens were detected in various parts of the airways, including nasal concha and trachea, bronchial epithelium, bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue, bronchial epithelium, bronchioles, peribronchiolar inflammatory cells, bronchiolar lumen, macrophages, and interstitial regions. 17 , 22 In neonatal calves, foci of coagulative necrosis, of various sizes and randomly located in various organs, have been found to contain BoHV-1 antigens. 10 Similarly, experimentally infected calves had lesions such as necrotizing bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and intranuclear IBs.…”

“…96 IHC has the potential to play a vital role in detecting the most important agents responsible for subclinical BRDC, particularly in identifying the presence and distribution of various pathogens within the lung tissues of affected cattle. 17,95,115 However, the application of IHC for BRDC is not without obstacles. For example, BRDC pathogens can cause localized foci within the lung, meaning the animal must be euthanized to obtain the sample.…”