Comparative drilling predation on time-averaged phosphatized and nonphosphatized assemblages of the minute clypeasteroid echinoid<i>Echinocyamus stellatus</i>from Miocene offshore sediments (Globigerina Limestone Formation, Malta)

Grun, Tobias B.; Kroh, Andreas; Nebelsick, James H.

doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.123

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…This fact makes the skeleton of E. pusillus an attractive role model for structural engineering, where segmented shells become increasingly important (e.g. [ 10 , 11 ]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural stress response of segmented natural shells: a numerical case study on the clypeasteroid echinoidEchinocyamus pusillus

Grun

Scheven

Bischoff

et al. 2018

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The skeleton of Echinocyamus pusillus is considered as an exceptional model organism for structural strength and skeletal integrity within the echinoids as demonstrated by the absence of supportive collagenous fibres between single plates and the high preservation potential of their skeletons. The structural principles behind this remarkably stable, multi-plated, light-weight construction remain hardly explored. In this study, high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography, finite-element analysis and physical crushing tests are used to examine the structural mechanisms of this echinoid's skeleton. The virtual model of E. pusillus shows that the material is heterogeneously distributed with high material accumulations in the internal buttress system and at the plate boundaries. Finite-element analysis indicates that the heterogeneous material distribution has no effect on the skeleton's strength. This numerical approach also demonstrates that the internal buttress system is of high significance for the overall skeletal stability of this flattened echinoid. Results of the finite-element analyses with respect to the buttress importance were evaluated by physical crushing tests. These uniaxial compression experiments support the results of the simulation analysis. Additionally, the crushing tests demonstrate that organic tissues do not significantly contribute to the skeletal stability. The strength of the echinoid shell, hence, predominantly relies on the structural design.

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“…This fact makes the skeleton of E. pusillus an attractive role model for structural engineering, where segmented shells become increasingly important (e.g. [ 10 , 11 ]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural stress response of segmented natural shells: a numerical case study on the clypeasteroid echinoidEchinocyamus pusillus

Grun

Scheven

Bischoff

et al. 2018

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…Drill holes were identified and interpreted as predatory in origin based on characteristics that have been traditionally used to diagnose cassid predation in previous studies of both modern and fossil populations [31,34,[50][51][52][53], such as the relative size of the hole which is generally larger than 0.5 mm, except for traces on minute echinoid taxa; (i.e. [50,51]) and outline shape of the hole including circular, subcircular, irregular, rectangular, elongated or notched holes [30,31,33]. Traces interpreted as non-predatory, such as minute holes attributed to eulimid gastropod parasitism [54], were excluded.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An asynchronous Mesozoic marine revolution: the Cenozoic intensification of predation on echinoids

et al. 2021

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Predation traces found on fossilized prey remains can be used to quantify the evolutionary history of biotic interactions. Fossil mollusc shells bearing these types of traces provided key evidence for the rise of predation during the Mesozoic marine revolution (MMR), an event thought to have reorganized global marine ecosystems. However, predation pressure on prey groups other than molluscs has not been explored adequately. Consequently, the ubiquity, tempo and synchronicity of the MMR cannot be thoroughly assessed. Here, we expand the evolutionary record of biotic interactions by compiling and analysing a new comprehensively collected database on drilling predation in Meso-Cenozoic echinoids. Trends in drilling frequency reveal an Eocene rise in drilling predation that postdated echinoid infaunalization and the rise in mollusc-targeted drilling (an iconic MMR event) by approximately 100 Myr. The temporal lag between echinoid infaunalization and the rise in drilling frequencies suggests that the Eocene upsurge in predation did not elicit a coevolutionary or escalatory response. This is consistent with rarity of fossil samples that record high frequency of drilling predation and scarcity of fossil prey recording failed predation events. These results suggest that predation intensification associated with the MMR was asynchronous across marine invertebrate taxa and represented a long and complex process that consisted of multiple uncoordinated steps probably with variable coevolutionary responses.

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“…reflection of a low population density rather than a consequence of the high energy environment destroying all recognizable remnants of this echinoid. Echinocyamus test remains are common in both recent environments (e.g., Grun et al, 2014 and herein) and fossil deposits (e.g., Grun et al, 2017;Mancosu and Nebelsick, 2019), showing high preservation potential due to its skeletal architecture .…”

Section: Preservation Of Paracentrotus Lividusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

Mancosu

Nebelsick

2020

Palaeontol Electron

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The poor fossil record of regular echinoids is commonly attributed to the fact that they preferentially live as epibenthic grazers on hard rocky substrates in nearshore environments with high energy conditions, where the preservation potential of their tests is generally low. In addition, they commonly occur in the fossil record as fragmented material that hampers identification to low taxonomic level. Herein, a comparative analysis of fossil and recent remains of the regular sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus has been conducted, in order to evaluate the source of taphonomic and taxonomic biases affecting regular echinoid remains. Echinoid remnants are recognized in great abundance both in the Upper Pleistocene marine deposit of Is Mesas and recent littoral environments of Sa Mesa Longa, both in Sardinia (Italy). They were rigorously categorized and analysed with respect to relative abundance, biostratinomic signatures and constructional detail of the skeleton using scanning electron microscopy. Paracentrotus remnants mainly consist of test fragments, isolated plates and fragmented spines. Plates of the apical system and elements of the jaw apparatus were also found. Echinoid remnants in the Pleistocene deposit reflect those in recent environment, with respect to relative abundance and biostratinomic features, and are useful tools for paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstruction, even in shallow-water, highenergy environments. The abundance of large test fragments of Paracentrotus lividus both in the Pleistocene record and recent environments is due to a relatively robust test and stereomic interlocking. Difference in relative abundance of echinoid remains and their distribution in sediment fractions (> 2 mm and 1-2 mm) are due to different sampling methods, but also indicate the different preservation potential among various test elements. Herein, the identification of echinoid remains at a low taxonomic level can be assessed even at a very-coarse sand-size fraction (1-2 mm). This study demonstrates that regular echinoid fragments can be identified to a low taxonomic level when very MANCOSU & NEBELSICK: TAPHONOMY REGULAR ECHINOIDS 2 specific characters are preserved, and their analysis may help to minimize the taxonomic bias affecting the regular echinoid fossil record.

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Comparative drilling predation on time-averaged phosphatized and nonphosphatized assemblages of the minute clypeasteroid echinoidEchinocyamus stellatusfrom Miocene offshore sediments (Globigerina Limestone Formation, Malta)

Cited by 15 publications

References 50 publications

Structural stress response of segmented natural shells: a numerical case study on the clypeasteroid echinoidEchinocyamus pusillus

Structural stress response of segmented natural shells: a numerical case study on the clypeasteroid echinoidEchinocyamus pusillus

An asynchronous Mesozoic marine revolution: the Cenozoic intensification of predation on echinoids

Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

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