Comparative effect of bovine buttermilk, whey, and lactoferrin on the innate immunity receptors and oxidative status of intestinal epithelial cells

Abstract

Milk contains active molecules with important functional properties as the defensive proteins; among them are the whey protein lactoferrin and proteins of the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) present in buttermilk. The aim of this study has been to investigate the effect of lactoferrin, whey and buttermilk as modulators of intestinal innate immunity and oxidative stress on intestinal epithelial cells, to evaluate its potential use for the development of functional foods. Innate immune Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9) mRNA expression, lipid peroxidation (MDA+4-HDA) and protein carbonyl levels were analyzed in enterocyte-like Caco-2/TC7 cells treated for 24 hours with different concentrations of lactoferrin, whey or buttermilk. None of the substances analyzed caused oxidative damage; however, whey significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, both lactoferrin and whey were able to reduce the oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide. Respect to TLR receptors, lactoferrin, whey and buttermilk specifically altered the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 receptors, with a strong decrease in TLR4 expression. These results suggest that lactoferrin, whey and buttermilk could be interesting potential ingredients for functional foods as they seem to modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory response induced by TLRs activation.

Protective Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin Against Cronobacter Sakazakii in Human Intestinal Caco-2/Tc7 Cells

“…4A). These results agree with those obtained in the study by Buey et al (2021), in which LF showed a positive effect in reducing oxidative stress caused to the cells by LPS. However, in our study, the protective effect of LF against C. sakazakii was greater at lower concentration (0.5 mg mL À1 ), while in the study by Buey et al (2021), the concentration of 10 mg mL À1 was the one with greater effect reversing oxidation caused by LPS.…”

“…In our previous study of Buey et al (2021) the effect of LF, incubated for 24 h, was evaluated on the basal oxidative stress of Caco-2/TC7 cells. When the cells were incubated with LF, it did not seem to modify by itself the lipid or protein oxidative status of Caco-2/TC7 cells.…”

Milk Fat Globule Membrane Alleviates Short Bowel Syndrome-Associated Liver Injury in Rats Through Inhibiting Autophagy and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

“…Previous study showed that MFGM supplementation improved the intestinal permeability, and therefore reduced the gut derived endotoxin translocated to the liver (18). Furthermore, lactoferrin and whey proteins, as the bioactive components of MFGM, have been shown to reduce oxidative stress (28). As such, the supplementation with MFGM might contribute to the overall downregulation effects on autophagy in SBS through decreasing the levels of liver endotoxin and oxidative stress.…”

The Functional Role of Lactoferrin in Intestine Mucosal Immune System and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…The effect of bLF as a regulator of intestinal innate immunity and oxidative stress on IECs was investigated in a previous study. Innate immune Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mRNA expression, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl levels were determined in enterocyte-like Caco-2/TC7 cells incubated with bLF for 24 h. Results demonstrated that bLF seemed to maintain redox homeostasis and modulate inflammatory response via activation of TLRs when exposed to LPS ( 89 ). Additionally, LF reduced intracellular ROS level and malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as upregulated glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein ( 36 ).…”