Comparative efficacy of commercially available deoxynivalenol detoxifying feed additives on growth performance, total tract digestibility of components, and physiological responses in nursery pigs fed diets formulated with naturally contaminated corn1

Abstract

Comparative efficacy of deoxynivalenol (DON) detoxifying feed additives (FA) was evaluated in growth performance (Exp. 1) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) (Exp. 2) nursery pig studies. Six corn-soybean-meal based diets were used: 1) positive control (PC, formulated with <1.5 ppm DON corn), negative control (NC, formulated with 5.5 ppm DON corn), NC+FA1 (clay plus yeast cell wall extract), NC+FA2 (aluminosilicate), NC+FA3 (aluminosilicate plus fungal extract), and NC+FA4 (Sodium metabisulfite, SMB). In Exp. 1, 144 pigs [(Body weight (BW), 10.2±0.1kg)] were housed (4 pigs/pen), allocated to diets (n=6) based on BW, and fed for 4-wk. The BW and feed intake were monitored weekly. On d 7, one pig/pen was bled for plasma and euthanized for organ weight and tissue samples. Assayed DON concentration in PC, NC, NC+FA4 was 0.29, 2.86 and 1.21 ppm, respectively. In wk-1, the ADG of pigs fed NC+FA4 was not different (P>0.05) to that of pigs fed PC diet but greater (P=0.01) than for pigs fed NC without or with other FA. Pigs fed NC and NC+FA2 had lower (P=0.026) ADFI than pigs fed PC and NC+FA3. Pigs fed NC+FA4 had greater (P=0.003) G:F than pigs fed the other diets. Diets had no effect (P>0.05) on ADG, ADFI, and G: F after first week, plasma concentration of urea and creatinine or liver and spleen weight. Pigs fed NC diets had greater (P=0.01) jejunal mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase 1 relative to pigs fed PC or NC plus FA. Jejunal histomorphology and mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins and ceca digesta concentration of short chain fatty acids were not affected (P>0.05) by the diet. In Exp. 2, 24 barrows (BW 10.2 ± 0.3 kg) were individually placed in metabolism crates and allocated to four diets: PC, NC, NC+FA3 and NC+FA4 (n=6) containing TiO2 as digestibility marker. Pigs were adjusted to diets for 5 d, followed by a 2-d grab fecal sample collection. Pigs fed PC and NC+FA4 diets had higher ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein than NC fed pigs. The FA3 was intermediate in digestibility response. In conclusion, feed additives containing sequestering component plus fungal extract or SMB in DON-contaminated feed resulted in commensurate nursery pig performance to PC. The tested feed additives mitigated intestinal oxidative stress through decreased expression of genes for superoxide dismutase.

Protective effect of a new generation of activated and purified bentonite in combination with yeast and phytogenic substances on mycotoxin challenge in pigs

“…The main disadvantage of sodium sulphite usage might be less efficiency to zearalenone elimination. Similarly perspective results have been obtained by sodium metabisulfite in vivo and in vitro [ 17 , 47 , 50 ].…”

Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation

“…The alteration in morphology of intestine has also been observed in broiler chickens [ 49 ] and turkeys [ 105 ] after birds exposed to 5 mg DON/kg feed and 4.5 mg DON/kg feed, respectively; both concentrations were in accordance with legislated levels (Table 1 ). In terms of pigs, it has been previously reported that DON above 3 mg/kg feed could result in shorter villi [ 54 , 57 , 106 ]. However, this concentration range of DON was all above permitted levels regulated by the legislative bodies (Table 1 ).…”

“…Recently, downregulation of mRNA expression of facilitated glucose transporter GLUT1 and several amino acid transporter including peptide transporter (PepT1) and Heavy chain corresponding to the b 0,+ transport system (rBAT) was reported in broiler chickens after exposure to 4-10 mg DON/kg feed [ 111 , 122 ]. In pigs exposed to 2.86 mg DON/kg, mRNA expression of PepT1 and SLUT1 was not reportedly affected [ 54 ].…”

“…Although mycotoxin-induced anorexia has been evidenced, especially for DON, several studies have reported progressive disappearance of negative effects on feed intake over time in pigs either continuously on DON-contaminated diets [ 54 ] or on a normal DON-free diets after initial exposure to DON in the experiments [ 81 ], with the depression in feed intake being most severe usually within 2 weeks after exposure [ 54 , 55 , 58 , 77 , 81 ]. The former scenario suggested that animals appeared to show tolerance to the presence of DON in the diet [ 54 , 55 , 58 ]. Although such adaptive mechanisms of pigs have not been fully understood, this could be linked to the possible alteration in intestinal microbes to favor detoxification of DON in pigs.…”

“…The binding capability of inorganic AA depends on the physio-chemical structures of both AA and mycotoxins; this includes the charge distribution of AA and mycotoxins, surface area and pore size of the AA, polarity, and shape of the mycotoxins [ 159 , 187 ]. Some mineral AA such as bentonites, zeolites and activated charcoal have been reported to adsorb ZEN, OTA, FUM and DON in vitro, however, in vivo confirmation studies are lacking [ 30 , 54 ]. Most inorganic AA have been recognized as efficient binders of AF, as supported by in vivo studies, but they appear to have very limited capability of binding to other mycotoxins such as ZEN, TRC and FUM [ 30 , 180 , 188 , 189 ].…”