Comparative efficacy of exenatide versus insulin glargine on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients inadequately treated with metformin monotherapy

A systematic literature review on the efficacy–effectiveness gap: comparison of randomized controlled trials and observational studies of glucose-lowering drugs

“…Of the 11 individual observational studies, 28 , 36 – 40 , 59 – 62 4 were prospective 39 , 60 – 62 and 7 were based on registries. 28 , 36 – 38 , 40 , 59 Information of exposure in the prospective studies was based on doctor’s records of prescription, whereas exposure in registry studies was based on databases with information on prescription 36 – 38 , 40 , 59 or claims.…”

Cost‐effectiveness of exenatide twice daily vs insulin glargine as add‐on therapy to oral antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes in China

“…Previous studies show that exenatide twice daily and insulin glargine once daily are equally effective in lowering glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients inadequately controlled by OADs. In addition, exenatide twice daily is able to reduce body weight and has potential benefit with regard to cardiovascular outcomes . Exenatide twice daily decreases body weight through inhibiting food intake and appetite, promoting fullness and satiety, and reducing total body fat, particularly trunk or visceral fat .…”

“…Exenatide twice daily decreases body weight through inhibiting food intake and appetite, promoting fullness and satiety, and reducing total body fat, particularly trunk or visceral fat . The major adverse events associated with it are mild gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events, which are usually well tolerated . Compared with exenatide twice daily, insulin glargine once daily is associated with significant weight gain and more frequent hypoglycaemic events, which may impede treatment effect, reduce quality of life and increase healthcare costs .…”

“…The major adverse events associated with it are mild gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events, which are usually well tolerated . Compared with exenatide twice daily, insulin glargine once daily is associated with significant weight gain and more frequent hypoglycaemic events, which may impede treatment effect, reduce quality of life and increase healthcare costs . Possible reasons for this weight effect include a proactive increase in caloric intake as a result of fear of hypoglycaemia, less energy loss owing to glycosuria reduction, fat‐ and muscle‐building (anabolic) effects, and effects on the central nervous system influencing food intake.…”

Cost-effectiveness analysis of exenatide twice daily (BID) vs insulin glargine once daily (QD) as add-on therapy in Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled by oral therapies

“…Comparative efficacy studies of exenatide BID versus insulin glargine on T2DM patients have showed that exenatide BID have similar effect to Insulin glargine on lowering the HbA1c level 13 , but fewer episodes of hypoglycemia were observed 14,15 . The risk of hypoglycemia is lower with exenatide BID than insulin glargine because it has glucose-dependent insulinotropic and glucagon protects against hypoglycemia 16 .…”