Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Compressive Strength of Conventional and Thyme-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement

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Background Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is widely recognized for its self-adhesive characteristics and biocompatibility, making it commonly used as a restorative material. However, challenges related to limited antibacterial effectiveness and relatively low mechanical properties have hindered its widespread clinical use. Clove and ginger are recognized for their potent antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogenic microorganisms. The present study aims to enhance the clinical applicability of GIC by modifying it with clove and ginger extract. Aim The objective of the study is to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness and compressive strength of GIC modified with ginger and clove extract. Materials and methods Ginger and clove extracts were prepared and incorporated into conventional GIC at three concentrations for each, creating ginger-modified GIC groups (Group A, Group B, and Group C) and clove-modified GIC groups (Group D, Group E, and Group F), with Group G as the control (conventional GIC without modification). The antimicrobial assessment was conducted on disc-shaped GIC specimens (3.0 mm height x 6.0 mm diameter) prepared using molds. Bacterial strains were used to evaluate antimicrobial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays conducted at intervals of one to four hours for both modified and unmodified groups. Compressive strength specimens were prepared using cylindrical molds (6.0 mm height × 4.0 mm diameter), according to the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) guidelines. The evaluation was conducted using a Zwick universal testing machine (ElectroPuls® E3000, Instron, Bangalore, India), with the highest force at the point of specimen fracture recorded to determine compressive strength. Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) alongside Tukey’s post hoc test, with a significance threshold set at p < 0.01. Results The antimicrobial effectiveness of clove and ginger-modified GIC was assessed through a MIC assay, revealing a statistically significant improvement in antimicrobial potency against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus within the modified groups compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Increased extract concentration correlated with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Clove-modified GIC exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to ginger extract. Compressive strength was higher in clove-modified GIC groups (p < 0.01), with Group F showing a maximum value of 175.88 MPa, while other modified groups demonstrated similar results to the control, with a value of 166.81 MPa (p > 0.01). Conclusion The study concludes that both clove-modified GIC and ginger-modified GIC exhibited antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species. The antimicrobial activity was notably higher in clove-modi...

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

A Comparative In Vitro Analysis of Antimicrobial Effectiveness and Compressive Strength of Ginger and Clove-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement

Paulraj,

Pushparathna,

Maiti

et al. 2024

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“…This discrepancy might be attributed to the use of stems in their study, whereas, in our study, we employed lemongrass leaves, which contain pronounced phytochemical constituents and bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Flavonoids and terpenoids present in lemongrass extract could be the reason behind inhibiting bacterial growth, as terpenoids possess strong antibacterial effects [27]. Elkorashy reported that lemongrass essential oil modification of GIC effectively improved its antibacterial properties, which is consistent with our findings [28].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effectiveness and Compressive Strength in Neem and Lemongrass-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement: An In Vitro Study

Jaikumar Ram,

Paulraj,

et al. 2024

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Background Glass ionomer cement (GIC) demonstrates biocompatibility and fluoride ion release, indicating their potential to inhibit a wide range of bacteria, although this remains uncertain. Lemongrass and neem are recognized for their potent antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of the study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness and compressive strength of GIC modified with neem and lemongrass. Methodology Lemongrass and neem were incorporated into conventional GIC at varying concentrations. Group I - neem-modified GIC (0.5%, 1%, 2%), group II - lemongrass-modified GIC (0.5%, 1%, 2%), and group III (non-modified GIC as a control group). The disk-shaped specimens were then compared to unmodified GIC (control). Antimicrobial effectiveness was assessed using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus . Compressive strength was assessed using a Universal Testing Machine, with a crosshead speed set to 0.5 mm per minute. Statistical analysis was conducted with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results Neem modification displayed superior antimicrobial effectiveness against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus at all concentrations when compared to the control, with 2% showing the least mean value of 0.262. In contrast, lemongrass modification exhibited a significant difference in effectiveness against Streptococcus mutans but no difference against Lactobacillus . Neem modification demonstrated superior performance compared to lemongrass (p < 0.05). Both modified groups showed no significant impact on compressive strength. Conclusions Neem-modified GIC demonstrated the highest antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus without altering its compressive strength. This suggests its potential as a promising alternative material in restorative dentistry. Additional in vivo investigations are needed to assess the extended-term effectiveness of the material.

“…Another study by Bajpai et al presented a contrasting view, suggesting that the handling and mixing involved in the preparation of a material, particularly with powder and liquid components, pose an elevated risk of incorporating air bubbles. This increased porosity may result in higher surface roughness and greater pigment retention, leading to discoloration [18][19][20]. In this study, zirconia and chitosan present in the nanocomposite could have produced a mechanical interlocking phenomenon resulting in zero or minimal porosity and hardening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Comparative Analysis of Color Stability and Its Impact on Artificial Aging: An In Vitro Study of Bioactive Chitosan, Titanium, Zirconia, and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle-Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement Compared With Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement

Paulraj,

Maiti

et al. 2024

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Background Discoloration affects glass ionomer cement (GIC) color stability due to its brittle nature and microporosity. To counter this, incorporating alternative materials is essential for maintaining color stability. Aim This study aims to determine the color stability and gloss of GIC modified with bioactive chitosan, titanium, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles before and after artificial aging. Materials and methods The study was conducted at Saveetha Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, located in Chennai, India. Green-mediated chitosan, titanium, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite (Ch-Ti-Zr-HA) nanoparticles were synthesized using the one-pot synthesis technique. Forty-eight disc-shaped specimens were prepared by incorporating the obtained nanoparticles (nanocomposite) into the GIC, with a diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 2 mm. The specimens were prepared in different concentrations (3%, 5%, and 10%) designated as group I, group II, and group III, respectively. Group IV, serving as the control, consisted of conventional GIC without any modifications. Following preparation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis confirmed sample elements, and the specimens were submerged in distilled water for a duration of 24 hours prior to the commencement of testing. Subsequently, the specimens underwent artificial aging (thermocycling), between temperatures of 5°C and 55°C, for a total of 30,000 cycles, with a 30-second dwell time. Color change and gloss characteristics were assessed both after 24 hours and following thermocycling using a spectrophotometer and glossometer, respectively. The average color change parameter (ΔE) was measured using Adobe Photoshop. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using an unpaired t-test. Results Significant color stability variations were observed post thermocycling (P = 0.001). Group 2 (5%) exhibited minimal delta E difference (0.508 ± 0.105), indicating superior color stability, while group 4 (control) had maximum difference (1.15 ± 0.187), indicating lower stability. Gloss tests confirmed GIC's polishability, where there were significant differences among all the groups. Conclusion It can be concluded that 5% nanoparticle-modified GIC has better color stability and gloss than conventional GIC. Further studies are needed to analyze the color stability and gloss through dentifrices and other beverages.