Comparative evaluation of authorized drugs for treating Covid‐19 patients

Islam, Towhidul; Hasan, Moynul; Rahman, Mohammad Saydur; Islam, Md. Rabiul

doi:10.1002/hsr2.671

Cited by 38 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…There is definite evidence that COVID‐19 vaccination reduces the infection rate and disease complications. 30 Studies have shown that hospitalization rate, COVID‐19 complications, and mortality rate were lower among the vaccinated population. In South Africa, much lower deaths and hospitalizations occurred in the fifth wave due to BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants.…”

Section: Covid‐19 Vaccines and Antiviral Agents Against Emerging Vari...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The latest Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 lineages are frowning toward COVID‐19 preventive measures: A threat to global public health

Islam

Shahriar

Bhuiyan

2022

Health Science Reports

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BACKGROUND A cluster of pneumonia cases was reported by the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission, China, Hubei Province, resulting in the identification of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). 1 As of September 19, 2022, more than 609 million cases and 6.5 million deaths have been recorded worldwide. The highest number of COVID-19 cases have been recorded in Europe, followed by the Americas, Western Pacific, South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa regions. 2 As a country, the US contributed the highest number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. 2 SARS-CoV-2 is constantly mutating and dodging antibodies to infect more people. Epidemiologists in South Africa detected the fifth and the latest "variant of concern" (VOC) of SARS-CoV-2. They reported this new variant to the World Health Organization (WHO) on November 24, 2021. This fifth VOC of SARS-CoV-2 contains more than 30 mutations in its viral spike proteins to allow it more transmissibility and infection rates. 1 The WHO named this fifth VOC of SARS-CoV-2 as the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) on November 26, 2021. 2 Omicron became the leading variant in COVID-19 after its inception. At present, Omicron is the only circulating VOC. Initially, Omicron had three subvariants (e.g., BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3). BA.1 was predominant during the fourth wave of the pandemic in South Africa. However, the global pattern was inconsistent in some other countries. BA.2 variant was responsible for hospitalizations and deaths in most cases during the Omicron wave in South Africa. 3 Currently, the Omicron variant includes five lineages and some other descendant subvariants. 4 Omicron subvariants that have rapidly spread across the globe. 5,6 Initially, BA.1 and BA.2 were predominant Omicron subvariant worldwide. However, BA.4 and BA.5 variants are now leading in Europe and the United States. 7 The WHO classified BA.4, BA.5, BA.2.12.1, and BA.2.75 as VOC-subvariants under monitoring. 4 The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control categorized BA.4 and BA.5 as VOC from VOI on May 12, 2022. 8 Therefore, we recommend prioritized monitoring of epidemiology of the COVID-19 pandemic due to Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants. This article aims to present an update on Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 and their potential impact on global public health. Scientists detected the BA.4 and BA.5 variants from a sample collected from South Africa in early 2022. 9 BA.4 and BA.5 have similarities with parent variants based on their genotype and phenotype as both are subvariants of Omicron. These subvariants have all mutations that Omicron had. The spike proteins of the latest Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants are identical and more similar to BA.2 than BA.1. 10 The Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants fueled a surge of cases in South Africa in the spring despite having widespread pre-existing immunity to the virus. The COVID-19 wave due to BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants was not as high as earlier waves, and deaths did not rise as sharply in South

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Section: Covid‐19 Vaccines and Antiviral Agents Against Emerging Vari...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 The role of the COVID‐19 vaccines is vital to curb the prevalence and mortality. 30 , 31 However, corona antibodies last 6–9 months in the human body. There is definite evidence that COVID‐19 vaccination reduces the infection rate and disease complications.…”

Section: Covid‐19 Vaccines and Antiviral Agents Against Emerging Vari...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The latest Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 lineages are frowning toward COVID‐19 preventive measures: A threat to global public health

Islam

Shahriar

Bhuiyan

2022

Health Science Reports

Self Cite

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“… 17 In an already COVID-19-weary and inflicted society, this new VOC Omicron sparked a new debate about vaccine effectiveness and the current booster campaign. 18 , 19 The distinguishing characteristic of Omicron is the prime immunogenic target of antibodies triggered by immunization or through natural infections, which can hold an astonishingly huge number of genetic alterations (more than 50), of which nearly 30 mutations are on the spike (S) membrane protein; mostly like to aggregate around the site of receptor binding motif; the consensus sequence of this variant has 44 amino acid changes, deletion of 6 amino acids, and insertion of one amino acid when compared to the reference strain of SARS-CoV-2. 20 The presence of a mutation at other sites such as the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain might induce a neutralizing response on the antibodies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant and Emerging Impact on Global Public Health

Islam

Nasreen

Anjum

et al. 2022

Clin Med�Insights�Pathol

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The discovery of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant has sparked alarm globally because of its rapid rate of infection and trespassing acquired immunity due to vaccination or natural infection. This heavily mutated variant is rapidly spreading around the world. Infected individuals with the Omicron variant may suffer from flu-like symptoms, and infected with the Delta variant frequently report low oxygen levels, high pulse rates, and a loss of smell and taste. Also, the Omicron variant causes asymptomatic or mild disease so far, and not any severe illness as like Delta, and this new variant has a 15% to 80% reduced risk of hospitalization than the Delta variant. Scientists are worried about the possibility of escaping the immunity by the Omicron variants and subvariants among fully vaccinated and recovered COVID-19 patients. Two doses of available vaccines are found to be partially ineffective in protecting this new variant, therefore, the third dose as a booster is recommended to enhance antibody level. Moreover, some antiviral drugs significantly reduce hospitalization or death among mild to severe COVID-19 patients. All authorized antiviral drugs are effective against viral replication for most SARS-CoV-2 variants, and particularly some monoclonal antibodies may not now be effective in treating COVID-19 patients. There is an urgent need to update existing vaccines, develop more effective and newer vaccines as well as additional monoclonal antibodies to counter Omicron. Therefore, along with close monitoring of Omicron characteristics, the present study suggests that health safety guidelines, mass immunization, early diagnosis, and search for effective antiviral drugs should be the approaches to fight against newer SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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“…SARS-CoV-2 infection was first reported in China in December 2019, and was later classified as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020 [ 2 ]. The disease spread to about 218 countries and has resulted in over 6.5 million deaths as of 16 September 2022 [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. SARS-CoV-2 is a 30 kbp RNA virus that encodes four structural proteins and sixteen non-structural proteins [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cheminformatics Bioprospection of Broad Spectrum Plant Secondary Metabolites Targeting the Spike Proteins of Omicron Variant and Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2

Aribisala

Aruwa²,

Uthman³

et al. 2022

Metabolites

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The spike protein (SP) of SARS-CoV-2 (SC-2) is susceptible to high mutation and has contributed to the multiple waves of COVID-19 being experienced. Hence, targeting the SP remains a logical approach in the development of potent therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Here, a computational technique was adopted to identify broad-spectrum plant secondary metabolites with indigenous relevance in the management of respiratory infections against the SPs of the SC-2 wild- type (SC-2WT) and omicron variants. Following 100 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and binding free energy calculation of the top five compounds identified through molecular docking, maysin (SC-2WT (−34.85 kcal/mol), omicron (−38.88 kcal/mol)) and geraniin (SC-2WT (−36.90 kcal/mol) omicron (−31.28 kcal/mol)) had better broad-spectrum activities for the investigated SPs than zafirlukast (SC-2WT (−33.73 kcal/mol) omicron (−22.38 kcal/mol)). Furthermore, 6-hydroxycyanidin-3-rutinoside (−42.97 kcal/mol) and kaempferol-7-glucoside (−37.11 kcal/mol) had the best affinity for the SPs of omicron and SC-2WT, respectively. Interestingly, except for Kaempferol-7-glucoside against omicron SP, all the top-ranked compounds were thermodynamically stable with the SP of both variants, and this observation was linked to the number, nature, and bond length in the resulting complexes in each case. Also, except for geraniin, all the top-ranked compounds had lower toxicity profiles compared to zafirlukast and this could be attributed to their phenolic moieties. Nevertheless, the in vitro and in vivo confirmation of the activities observed in this study is recommended, especially for maysin and geraniin with the best broad-spectrum activity, towards development of COVID-19 drug candidates.

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Comparative evaluation of authorized drugs for treating Covid‐19 patients

Cited by 38 publications

References 65 publications

The latest Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 lineages are frowning toward COVID‐19 preventive measures: A threat to global public health

The latest Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 lineages are frowning toward COVID‐19 preventive measures: A threat to global public health

Characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant and Emerging Impact on Global Public Health

Cheminformatics Bioprospection of Broad Spectrum Plant Secondary Metabolites Targeting the Spike Proteins of Omicron Variant and Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2

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