Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effects of Different Mouthrinses against Oral Pathogens: An In Vitro Study1

Effect of flavonoids from grape seed and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans: a systematic review of in vitro studies

“…Of the included studies, three were conducted in Japan [ 24 , 36 , 42 ], seven in the United States [ 25 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 39 ], three in India [ 26 , 27 , 29 ], two in Australia [ 7 , 38 ] one in Saudi Arabia [ 30 ], one in Italy [ 31 ], one in France [ 34 ], one in Israel [ 40 ], one in England [ 41 ], one in Poland [ 43 ], and one in Egypt [ 44 ] sixteen were conducted at universities [ 7 , 24 – 26 , 28 , 30 – 35 , 37 – 41 ], and six in other types of institutions [ 27 , 29 , 36 , 42 – 44 ].…”

“…In evaluating the biofilm formation, all studies reported having performed the trials at least in triplicate. All studies evaluated the activity of PAC on S. mutans [ 7 , 24 – 44 ], and ten studies evaluated its activity on two or more bacterial strains [ 7 , 24 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 41 – 44 ]. Several studies have used certified American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) bacterial strains of S. mutans to assess the antibacterial activity of test substances.…”

“…For their part, Duarte et al [ 32 ] and Gregoire et al [ 39 ] used S. mutans WHB 410. Some studies do not specifically report the strain used [ 29 , 43 ] or biofilm formation was performed by collecting saliva from healthy donors [ 7 , 30 ].…”

“…In one study [ 43 ], a biofilm growth medium containing a mixture of pasteurized saliva, amino acids, vitamins, nucleotides, inorganic salts, trace elements, and glucose, supplemented with fluid universal medium, and enriched with sucrose and glucose was used. The antibacterial activity against S. mutans was also evaluated by different methods, including inoculation on Mitis salivarius bacitracin agar medium in Petri dishes [ 26 ], using the disc diffusion method (Kirby–Bauer) on agar plates, and the bacterial strains were grown in Mutans-Sanguis agar (Hi media) [ 30 ], or the cultures of S. mutans were inoculated into Mueller–Hinton broth [ 41 ]. Sample storage time ranged between 20 and 48 h; in ten studies the sample was incubated for 24 h [ 24 , 27 , 29 , 32 – 35 , 38 , 40 , 42 ], in nine studies, incubation was done for 48 h [ 7 , 25 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 36 , 41 , 43 , 44 ], and in one for 20 h [ 37 ].…”

“…The antibacterial activity against S. mutans was also evaluated by different methods, including inoculation on Mitis salivarius bacitracin agar medium in Petri dishes [ 26 ], using the disc diffusion method (Kirby–Bauer) on agar plates, and the bacterial strains were grown in Mutans-Sanguis agar (Hi media) [ 30 ], or the cultures of S. mutans were inoculated into Mueller–Hinton broth [ 41 ]. Sample storage time ranged between 20 and 48 h; in ten studies the sample was incubated for 24 h [ 24 , 27 , 29 , 32 – 35 , 38 , 40 , 42 ], in nine studies, incubation was done for 48 h [ 7 , 25 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 36 , 41 , 43 , 44 ], and in one for 20 h [ 37 ]. The temperature reported in twenty studies was 37 °C [ 7 , 24 – 26 , 28 – 38 , 40 – 44 ], in one was 35 °C [ 27 ], and another study did not report temperature data [ 39 ].…”