Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Combination of Absorbable Gelatin Sponge and Calendula officinalis with Absorbable Gelatin Sponge Used Alone as a Hemostatic Agent—An In-Vitro Study

Abstract

Excessive bleeding can complicate surgical intervention; this could be managed using an effective hemostatic agent that provides immediate and early bleeding control. Gelatin sponge and Calendula officinalis have been proven to have good hemostatic properties. The present In-vitro study analyzed the cytotoxicity and hemostatic properties of gelatin sponge and Calendula officinalis. The cytotoxic concentration/effective concentration of Calendula officinalis was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The drug release was determined using a vertical Franz diffusion cell apparatus; solid-state characterization was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The MTT assay showed 7% Calendula officinalis to be cytocompatible, and there was an increase in cell proliferation. When the 7% Calendula officinalis was loaded into the sponge, it was compatible, and the drug content was found to be 56.28 ± 13.84%. The time taken for the blood clot formation was measured using the Lee–White method. The gelatin sponge’s time for clot formation was 161.70 ± 3.11 s, and the Calendula officinalis loaded gelatin sponge’s time for clot formation was 158.75 ± 4.60 s. Hence, it could be concluded that when Calendula officinalis is incorporated into a gelatin sponge, it shows material compatibility and cytocompatibility, reduces the time for clot formation, and could be used as an alternative to other hemostatic agents.

Pullulan/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels Loaded with Calendula officinalis Extract: Design and In Vitro Evaluation for Wound Healing Applications

“…The amount of C. officinalis extract incorporated in hydrogel was determined both gravimetrically and spectrophotometrically (λ = 325 nm, maximum absorption corresponding to flavones and flavonols present in the plant extract [ 44 ]) as the difference between the amount of extract initially added and that found in the dried hydrogel or the washing solvent after loading procedure [ 45 ]. The extract concentration was calculated using a previously constructed calibration curve of C. officinalis in ethanol/water (50/50, v / v ) (y = 0.0029x − 0.0134, R 2 = 0.9997) and the quantity of loaded Calendula in the hydrogel (loading capacity, LC) was evaluated by Equation (5): …”