Comparative evaluation on IMES and the other positioning systems for navigation performance in a ship

Abstract

In this study, an indoor messaging system (IMES) was used to determine walking positions in an indoor environment at rates of 50 and 250 bps in a ship, transmitting powers of −65 and −85 dBm. Furthermore, Bluetooth low energy beacon and wireless LAN (Wi‐Fi) access point were also used. The results confirm that the best tracking of pedestrians in an indoor environment is achieved using IMES with a transmitter in a ship. The results of these experiments will be useful for new IMES/Global Navigation Satellite System chip set designs.

A smart city used low-latency seamless positioning system based on inverse global navigation satellite system technology

“…[49][50][51][52] In contrast, the accuracy of IMES, which is the most similar one with the proposed system, is about 5 m, as reported recently. 53 Such system is less accurate than UWB-based positioning systems or RFID-based positioning systems, but its compatibility with GNSS reduces the handover latency and archives seamless localization. For example, the ideal tag distance of RFID positioning system is [1.50-2.50] m, 54 and it costs a lot for aforementioned 12 m 3 16 m room.…”