Comparative floral structure and systematics in Rhizophoraceae, Erythroxylaceae and the potentially related Ctenolophonaceae, Linaceae, Irvingiaceae and Caryocaraceae (Malpighiales)

Matthews, Merran L.; Endress, Peter K.

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01162.x

Cited by 34 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(353 reference statements)

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“…Similar hairs occur on the outer surface of sepals and petals in Rhizophoraceae, and in the closely related Ctenolophonaceae [36], as well as on the outer surface of the sepals in some Cunoniaceae and Tremandraceae [30,59]. In flower buds of Rhizophoraceae and Ctenolophonaceae, the perianth parts are congenitally connected by the hairs in the overlapping regions [36], which also appears to be the case for Caliciflora . Congenital connection of sepals by hairs is also reported for Cunoniaceae [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Actinomorphic flowers with free perianth parts are also characteristic of many rosids, and typically such flowers are pentamerous with a well-differentiated calyx and corolla as in Caliciflora . The revolute-valvate sepal aestivation of Caliciflora is also a feature of certain rosids and occurs scattered in the Cucurbitales (Anisophylleaceae, [31]), Malpighiales (Rhizophoraceae and Erythroxylaceae, [36]) and also in Oxalidales (Cunoniaceae and Tremandraceae, [30]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The emergence of core eudicots: new floral evidence from the earliest Late Cretaceous

2016

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Eudicots, the most diverse of the three major clades of living angiosperms, are first recognized in the latest Barremian–earliest Aptian. All Early Cretaceous forms appear to be related to species-poor lineages that diverged before the rise of core eudicots, which today comprise more than 70% of angiosperm species. Here, we report the discovery of a well-preserved flower, Caliciflora mauldinensis, from the earliest Late Cretaceous, with unequivocal core eudicot features, including five sepals, five petals and two whorls of stamens borne on the rim of a floral cup containing three free carpels. Pollen is tricolporate. Carpels mature into follicular fruitlets. This character combination suggests a phylogenetic position among rosids, but more specific assignment is precluded by complex patterns of character evolution among the very large number of potentially relevant extant taxa. The whorled floral organization is consistent with ideas that this stable pattern evolved early and was a prerequisite for more integrated patterns of floral architecture that evolved later. However, limited floral synorganization in Caliciflora and all earlier eudicot flowers recognized so far, calls into question hypotheses that substantial diversification of core eudicots had already occurred by the end of the Early Cretaceous.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emergence of core eudicots: new floral evidence from the earliest Late Cretaceous

2016

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“…Flowers generally range from small (≤ 5 mm) to medium sized (up to c . 15 mm) (see also Matthews & Endress, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“… Micropyle present. Nectary lobes (when present) alternating with the (outer) sepals. Pedicel articulation weak or lacking (in contrast with many other Malpighiales; Stevens, onwards; Matthews & Endress, , ; Matthews et al ., ). Fruit indehiscent. Mucilage cells and special mucilage cells (as defined by Matthews & Endress, ) absent in floral organs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we focused on suprafamilial clades that were well resolved and well supported in the phylogeny that was current at the time. For Malpighiales, we began with Chrysobalanaceae and relatives (five families; Merino Sutter & Endress, ; Matthews & Endress, ), followed by Rhizophoraceae and potentially related families (seven families; Matthews & Endress, ), and Ochnaceae s.l. (three previously recognized families; Matthews, Amaral & Endress, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative floral structure and systematics of the clade of Lophopyxidaceae and Putranjivaceae (Malpighiales)

Matthews

Endress

2013

Bot J Linn Soc

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In molecular phylogenetic studies, Lophopyxidaceae and Putranjivaceae are well supported as sisters in the large rosid order Malpighiales. As the floral structure of both families is poorly known and the two families have never been compared, the present comparative study was carried out, as part of a larger project on the comparative floral structure of Malpighiales, using microtome section series and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. Similar to other angiosperm clades, it appears that the structure of the ovules is a strong marker for suprafamilial relationships in Malpighiales. Both families have two collateral pendant antitropous ovules per carpel associated with obturators (as in some Euphorbiaceae s.l., to which Putranjivaceae belonged in earlier classifications). However, in contrast with Euphorbiaceae s.l., the ovules are not crassinucellar, but either incompletely tenuinucellar or only weakly crassinucellar with a long and conspicuously slender nucellus and an endothelium, and do not have a nucellar beak, but a normal micropyle, features they share with families other than Euphorbiaceae s.l. among Malpighiales. Other shared features of the two families include the following. The outer sepals tend to be smaller than the inner ones and the sepals do not protect the gynoecium in older buds. Sepals of some taxa have a single vascular trace. A short zone of synsepaly tends to be present. Stamens tend to be antesepalous in haplostemonous flowers. A short gynophore is present. The synascidiate zone extends up to above the placenta, but is restricted to the ovary in taxa with more than one carpel. The micropyle is formed by the inner integument. The ventral carpel slits extend down into the synascidiate zone as postgenitally fused furrows. The carpels have a broad dorsal band of vascular bundles in the style. The overall floral structure of the two families corroborates their sister position well and does not support the earlier association of Putranjivaceae with Euphorbiaceae s.l. or of Lophopyxidaceae with Geraniales–Sapindales–Celastrales, which rely on shared superficial floral similarities. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 172, 404–448.

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Introduction to Malpighiales

Kubitzki¹

2013

Flowering Plants. Eudicots

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Comparative floral structure and systematics in Rhizophoraceae, Erythroxylaceae and the potentially related Ctenolophonaceae, Linaceae, Irvingiaceae and Caryocaraceae (Malpighiales)

Cited by 34 publications

References 147 publications

The emergence of core eudicots: new floral evidence from the earliest Late Cretaceous

The emergence of core eudicots: new floral evidence from the earliest Late Cretaceous

Comparative floral structure and systematics of the clade of Lophopyxidaceae and Putranjivaceae (Malpighiales)

Introduction to Malpighiales

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