Comparative flower morphology of Agapanthus africanus and A. praecox (Amaryllidaceae)

Abstract

The structure of Agapanthus africanus and A. praecox flowers was studied on permanent cross-sectional and longitudinal sections using a light microscope. The genus Agapanthus belongs to the subfamily Agapanthoideae, the family Amaryllidaceae, which is characterized by the presence of the upper ovary, septal nectaries and fruit – fleshy capsule. Micromorphological studies of the flower are considered as a way for detection of unknown plant features, adjustment of plants to specialized ways of pollination and determining the first stages of morphogenesis of fruit, and further use these features in taxonomy. 10 flowers of A. africanus and A. praecox were sectioned using standard methods of Paraplast embedding and serial sectioning at 20 micron thickness. Sections were stained with Safranin and Astra Blau and mounted in Eukitt. It was found that in the studied species the tepals have single-bundle traces. The vascular system of the superior ovary consists of a three bundle dorsal vein, of the ventral roots complex, which are reorganized into paired ventral bundles of the carpel, which form traces to ovules. For the first time, the following gynoecium zones were detected in A. africanus: a synascidiate structural zone with a height of about 560 μm and a fertile symplicate structural zone with a height of about 380 μm and a hemisymplicate zone of 2580 μm. In A. praecox gynoecium, there is a synascidiate structural zone with a height of 200 μm and a symplicate structural zone of 600 μm and a hemisymplicate zone of 620 μm. Septal nectaries appear in the hemisymplicate zone and open with nectar fissures at the base of the column, with a total septal nectar height of 2880 μm in A. africanus and 820 μm in A. praecox. The ovary roof is 300 µm in A. africanus and 200 µm in A. praecox. Triple dorsal bundles of carpels in A. africanus have been identified, which could be considered as adaptation of different stages of morphogenesis of fruit to dehiscence. The new data obtained by the vascular anatomy of the flower and the presence of different ovary zones significantly add to the information about anatomical and morphological features of the studied species, which can be further used in the taxonomy of the family Amaryllidaceae.

Taxonomic relationships of some taxa of the family Amaryllidaceae (s.l.) as reflected by macro- and micromorphological characters.

“…otherwise, Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies (1996) placed it at subtribe Hymenocallidinae tribe Eucharideae based on Molecular data. Also, APG III (2009); APG IV (2016); Fishchuk (2021) and Meerow (2023) placed it at tribe Hymenocallideae at the same subfamily Amaryllidoideae based on morphological and molecular evidences.…”

Pharmacognostical studies of the flower, leaf, root, and rhizome used for the identification and authentication of Agapanthus africanus (L.), cultivated in Egypt.

“…13C]. The three gynoecium zones, inner septal nectaries, axial placenta, and the numerous tenuinucellate and anatropic ovules in Agapanthus ovary were discussed and reported [10].…”

“…Commonly named the Nile lily or African lily, and is a rhizomatous evergreen plant with fleshy roots, linear leaves, and its inflorescence is umbeluated [8,9]. The zygomorphic, bisexual, trimerous, and superior ovary flowers in this genus are distinctive, while the fruits are loculicidal capsules with winged black seeds [10]. Abumon africanum, Agapanthus minor, Agapanthus umbellatus, Crinum africanum, Mauhlia africana, and Tulbaghia Africana are some of its well-known synonyms [11].…”