Comparative genetic diversity of Lyme disease bacteria in Northern Californian ticks and their vertebrate hosts

Swei, Andrea; Bowie, Verna C.; Bowie, Rauri C. K.

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.03.011

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The findings of one recent study stand out in contrast to earlier findings supporting western gray squirrels as reservoirs, although data are difficult to integrate because that study in two enzootic sites in Marin County did not include squirrels [ 31 , 32 ]. Of almost 700 woodrats and over 1000 deer mice ( P. maniculatus ) sampled ( Table 2 ), Bbss prevalence was 13% and 6%, respectively, from which the authors suggested that these species might serve as reservoirs, even though much higher PCR prevalence (>50%) was typical in squirrels in sites where squirrels were tested, suggesting that if they had tested squirrels in Marin, a very high prevalence might have been found.…”

Section: Tick-borne Sensu Stricto Strain/genospecies Ecologycontrasting

confidence: 68%

“…In California, Apss has exclusively been detected in I. pacificus, although only two studies have attempted to differentiate genospecies among ticks in the western USA ( Table 1 ) [ 13 , 36 ]. Documented prevalences of Bbss in I. pacificus in California generally range from <1% to 5%, although prevalences as high as 8%–10% have been found in some “hotspot” areas in Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino Counties [ 31 , 44 , 46 , 47 ]. There have been rare descriptions of Bbss in I. auritulus , I. spinipalpis , I. jellisoni , and Dermacentor occidentalis ( Table 2 ), though the latter tick has been shown to be incapable of transmitting the pathogen either transovarially or to a vertebrate host [ 70 ].…”

Section: Tick-borne Sensu Stricto Strain/genospecies Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parallelisms and Contrasts in the Diverse Ecologies of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi Complexes of Bacteria in the Far Western United States

Stephenson

Foley

2016

Veterinary Sciences

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi are two tick-borne bacteria that cause disease in people and animals. For each of these bacteria, there is a complex of closely related genospecies and/or strains that are genetically distinct and have been shown through both observational and experimental studies to have different host tropisms. In this review we compare the known ecologies of these two bacterial complexes in the far western USA and find remarkable similarities, which will help us understand evolutionary histories and coadaptation among vertebrate host, tick vector, and bacteria. For both complexes, sensu stricto genospecies (those that infect humans) share a similar geographic range, are vectored mainly by ticks in the Ixodes ricinus-complex, utilize mainly white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) as a reservoir in the eastern USA and tree squirrels in the far west, and tend to be generalists, infecting a wider variety of vertebrate host species. Other sensu lato genospecies within each complex are generally more specialized, occurring often in local enzootic cycles within a narrow range of vertebrate hosts and specialized vector species. We suggest that these similar ecologies may have arisen through utilization of a generalist tick species as a vector, resulting in a potentially more virulent generalist pathogen that spills over into humans, vs. utilization of a specialized tick vector on a particular vertebrate host species, promoting microbe specialization. Such tight host-vector-pathogen coupling could also facilitate high enzootic prevalence and the evolution of host immune-tolerance and bacterial avirulence.

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Section: Tick-borne Sensu Stricto Strain/genospecies Ecologycontrasting

confidence: 68%

Section: Tick-borne Sensu Stricto Strain/genospecies Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Parallelisms and Contrasts in the Diverse Ecologies of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi Complexes of Bacteria in the Far Western United States

Stephenson

Foley

2016

Veterinary Sciences

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“…In the United States alone, more than 30,000 cases of Lyme disease are reported each year but it is believed that the actual number of cases may reach as high as 300,000 (Mead ). In California, members of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) complex, including B. burgdorferi ss, B. americana, B. bissettiae (formerly B. bissettii ), B. californiensis, B. carolinensis , and several uncharacterized genospecies have been detected in I. pacificus and mammals throughout the state (Lane et al , Foley et al , Padgett et al , Swei et al ). Two pathogenic tick‐borne Rickettsia species are also known to occur in California: R. rickettsii , the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), documented in Dermacentor species and R. philipii (formerly Rickettsia sp.…”

Section: Species Composition Of Adult Ixodid Ticks Collected At Crystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species composition and temporal distribution of adult ixodid ticks and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Rickettsia species in Orange County, California

Billeter

Yoshimizu

2017

Journal of Vector Ecology

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“…Overall, the B. burgdorferi infection rate was 12.5% for S. griseus (n = 16), 9.7% for P. maniculatus (n = 31), and 2.9% for P. boylii (n = 35). Previous studies of B. burgdorferi rodent infection rates support natural infection of all three species, satisfying one of the reservoir host criteria (Brown & Lane 1996;Lane et al 2005;Swei et al 2015). As mentioned previously, infection rate for S. griseus was highly variable, ranging from 0-80% based on location and individual studies (Lane et al 2005;Salkeld et al 2008;Nieto et al 2010).…”

Section: Dna Sequencingsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Studies of the Peromyscus species have showed generally lower infection rates, and limited California studies have isolated B. burgdorferi from P. maniculatus and P. boylii. In Marin and Sonoma counties (Northern California), the B. burgdorferi infection rate of P. maniculatus (n = 1028) was 7.39% (Swei et al 2015). Surveys of woodland, grassland, and chaparral in Mendocino County (Northern California) yielded infection rates of 1.6% for P. boylii (n = 123) and 0% for P. maniculatus (n = 31) (Eisen et al 2009).…”

Section: Dna Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lyme disease ecology in San Luis Obispo County: The role of the western gray squirrel

Baker-Branstetter¹

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Lyme disease ecology in San Luis Obispo County: The role of the western gray squirrel Ryan Baker-Branstetter Despite the fact that eight cases of Lyme disease were diagnosed in San Luis Obispo County between 2005-2013, the identity of wildlife hosts serving as sources for tick infection in this region remained unidentified. The primary cause of Lyme disease in the U.S. is the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, and this agent had not been previously isolated from the region. Borrelia bissettii, a related species that has not been implicated as a common causative agent of Lyme disease, was isolated in small rodents inhabiting coastal scrub and chaparral habitats in a previous San Luis Obispo County study. However, B. burgdorferi was not detected. In northwestern California, B. burgdorferi has been primarily associated with high populations of the tick vector Ixodes pacificus in dense woodlands or hardwood-conifer habitats, particularly in the western gray squirrel reservoir host, Sciurus griseus. My study investigated the role of S. griseus and other associated rodents as potential reservoirs for B. burgdorferi in central coastal California woodland habitats. Rodents were live-trapped at four sites in San Luis Obispo County in oak and mixed woodland. Rodent ear samples were tested for B. burgdorferi genospecies by bacterial culture and PCR. Ticks were collected from captured rodents and surrounding environments and tested by PCR for the presence of Borrelia. Of 119 captured rodents, seven were positive for Borrelia infection (5.9%) and of these, six were positive for B. burgdorferi (5.0%). There were multiple infected rodent species that included two western gray squirrels, three deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and one brush mouse (P. boylii). Borrelia spp. were not detected by PCR from the 81 ticks recovered from the environment and rodents. Here, for the first time, we verify the presence of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto in San Luis Obispo county rodents. However, in contrast to previous Northern California studies, the western gray squirrel may not be the primary reservoir host for B. burgdorferi in this region. Multiple rodent species in oak woodlands may be involved in spirochete maintenance in San Luis Obispo County. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Larisa Vredevoe. Her guidance and support have been greatly appreciated throughout all aspects of my Master's degree. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Francis Villablanca and Dr. Gita Kolluru for their expertise and support. Undergraduate assistance has been essential to my project, and I would like to thank

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Comparative genetic diversity of Lyme disease bacteria in Northern Californian ticks and their vertebrate hosts

Cited by 11 publications

References 72 publications

Parallelisms and Contrasts in the Diverse Ecologies of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi Complexes of Bacteria in the Far Western United States

Parallelisms and Contrasts in the Diverse Ecologies of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi Complexes of Bacteria in the Far Western United States

Species composition and temporal distribution of adult ixodid ticks and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Rickettsia species in Orange County, California

Lyme disease ecology in San Luis Obispo County: The role of the western gray squirrel

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