Comparative genomic analysis of the IId subtype family of Cryptosporidium parvum

Feng, Yaoyu; Li, Na; Roellig, Dawn M.; Kelley, Alyssa; Liu, Guangyuan; Amer, Said; Tang, Kevin; Zhang, Longxian; Xiao, Lihua

doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.002

Cited by 56 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In Cryptosporidium species, differences in copy numbers of genes encoding SKSR proteins have been observed between C. parvum IIa and IId subtype families [17]. The subtelomeric genes encoding these SPDs, except for those encoding WYLE proteins, are mostly lost in C. bovis and C. ryanae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomic analysis of three intestinal species reveals reductions in secreted pathogenesis determinants in bovine-specific and non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species

Guo

et al. 2020

Microbial Genomics

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The three common intestinal Cryptosporidium species in cattle differ significantly in host range, pathogenicity and public health significance. While Cryptosporidium parvum is pathogenic in pre-weaned calves and has a broad host range, C. bovis and C. ryanae are largely non-pathogenic and bovine-specific species in post-weaned calves. Thus far, only the genome of C. parvum has been sequenced. To improve our understanding of the genetic determinants of biological differences among Cryptosporidium spcies, we sequenced the genomes of C. bovis and C. ryanae and conducted a comparative genomics analysis. The genome of C. bovis has a gene content and organization more similar to C. ryanae than to other Cryptosporidium species sequenced to date; the level of similarity in amino acid and nucleotide sequences between the two species is 75.2 and 69.4 %, respectively. A total of 3723 and 3711 putative protein-encoding genes were identified in the genomes of C. bovis and C. ryanae, respectively, which are fewer than the 3981 in C. parvum. Metabolism is similar among the three species, although energy production pathways are further reduced in C. bovis and C. ryanae. Compared with C. parvum, C. bovis and C. ryanae have lost 14 genes encoding mucin-type glycoproteins and three for insulinase-like proteases. Other gene gains and losses in the two bovine-specific and non-pathogenic species also involve the secretory pathogenesis determinants (SPDs); they have lost all genes encoding MEDLE, FLGN and SKSR proteins, and two of the three genes for NFDQ proteins, but have more genes encoding secreted WYLE proteins, secreted leucine-rich proteins and GPI-anchored adhesin PGA18. The only major difference between C. bovis and C. ryanae is in nucleotide metabolism. In addition, half of the highly divergent genes between C. bovis and C. ryanae encode secreted or membrane-bound proteins. Therefore, C. bovis and C. ryanae have gene organization and metabolic pathways similar to C. parvum, but have lost some invasion-associated mucin glycoproteins, insulinase-like proteases, MEDLE secretory proteins and other SPDs. The multiple gene families under positive selection, such as helicase-associated domains, AMP-binding domains, protein kinases, mucins, insulinases and TRAPs could contribute to differences in host specificity and pathogenicity between C. parvum and C. bovis. Biological studies should be conducted to assess the contribution of these copy number variations to the narrow host range and reduced pathogenicity of C. bovis and C. ryanae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomic analysis of three intestinal species reveals reductions in secreted pathogenesis determinants in bovine-specific and non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species

Guo

et al. 2020

Microbial Genomics

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“…WGS analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. has further indicated that copy number variation in two subtelomeric gene families encoding secreted MEDLE proteins and insulinase-like peptidases is involved in differences in host specificity between C. parvum and C. hominis and among host-adapted C. parvum subtype families (Guo et al, 2015c ; Liu et al, 2016 ; Feng et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Molecular Epidemiologic Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

2017

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Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis is an active research area in China. The use of genotyping and subtyping tools in prevalence studies has led to the identification of unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals. Human cryptosporidiosis in China is exemplified by the high diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. at species and subtype levels, with dominant C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes being rarely detected in other countries. Similarly, preweaned dairy calves, lambs, and goat kids are mostly infected with non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis in calves and C. xiaoi in lambs and goat kids), with C. parvum starting to appear in dairy calves as a consequence of concentrated animal feeding operations. The latter Cryptosporidium species is dominated by IId subtypes, with IIa subtypes largely absent from the country. Unlike elsewhere, rodents in China appear to be commonly infected with C. parvum IId subtypes, with identical subtypes being found in these animals, calves, other livestock, and humans. In addition to cattle, pigs and chickens appear to be significant contributors to Cryptosporidium contamination in drinking water sources, as reflected by the frequent detection of C. suis, C. baileyi, and C. meleagridis in water samples. Chinese scientists have also made significant contributions to the development of new molecular epidemiological tools for Cryptosporidium spp. and improvements in our understanding of the mechanism involved in the emergence of hyper-transmissible and virulent C. hominis and C. parvum subtypes. Despite this progress, coordinated research efforts should be made to address changes in Cryptosporidium transmission because of rapid economic development in China and to prevent the introduction and spread of virulent and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in farm animals.

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“…Overall, gene content and genomic organisation among intestinal occurrences of the species are well conserved, with Cryptosporidium gene clusters encoding putative secreted proteins. Comparison of the Cryptosporidium genomes has identified a core set of proteins commonly studied, as well as major differences in particular gene families, which could be involved in biological differences between species and genotypes [114,[183][184][185]. Gene encoding proteins that are associated with invasion processes, e.g.…”

Section: Genome Of Cryptosporidium: New Insight and Future Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art and Future Directions ofCryptosporidiumspp.

Santos¹,

Rebello²,

Bomfim³

2020

Parasitology and Microbiology Research

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Cryptosporidium species are protozoan parasites that infect epithelium surfaces in gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of humans and a range of animals worldwide. Cryptosporidiosis has been associated with considerable morbidity and, under certain circumstances, mortality. Humans can acquire it by consuming food and drink containing oocysts, which have been recognised as a major cause for diarrhoeal disease. The ubiquitousness of the infective oocyst, its resilience to environmental pressures, and the low dose of oocyst exposure needed for infection amplify to outbreaks of Cryptosporidium traced to drinking and recreational water. Unlike in developing countries where lack of sustained access to safe water creates tremendous burdens of Cryptosporidium diarrhoea, this scenario is aggravated due to limited diagnosis and therapeutics. However, over the past few decades, growing information on Cryptosporidium genomes have allowed novel insight into the hostparasite relationship. Future field research on potential tools will focus on biologyderived parasite products applicable to drugs and diagnosis. This chapter reviews available data on biology, transmission, life cycle, diagnosis, genome, and a few but important progresses in the field of cryptosporidiosis.

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Comparative genomic analysis of the IId subtype family of Cryptosporidium parvum

Cited by 56 publications

References 29 publications

Comparative genomic analysis of three intestinal species reveals reductions in secreted pathogenesis determinants in bovine-specific and non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species

Comparative genomic analysis of three intestinal species reveals reductions in secreted pathogenesis determinants in bovine-specific and non-pathogenic Cryptosporidium species

Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in China

State of the Art and Future Directions ofCryptosporidiumspp.

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