Comparative interactions of magnesium and calcium counterions with polygalacturonic acid

Malovı́ková, Anna; Rinaudo, Marguerite; Milas, M.

doi:10.1002/bip.360340809

Cited by 47 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Thus, increased crosslinking due to high Ca 2+ concentration simultaneously makes PI binding energetically less favorable and stiffens the cell wall. This model is supported by findings showing that Ca 2+ binds to HGs in this manner in vitro (Malovíková et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Several previous studies indicate that Ca 2+ cross-links GalUA residues, lending strength to the cell wall (Thibault and Rinaudo, 1985). Although Mg 2+ also interacts with these negative charges, it does not create links between the pectin chains (Thibault and Rinaudo, 1985;Malovíková et al, 2004). Models of the electrostatic charge on the surface of the PI molecule show three partial positive charges associated with tertiary nitrogen atoms that are 6 to 7 Å apart.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Propidium Iodide Competes with Ca2+ to Label Pectin in Pollen Tubes and Arabidopsis Root Hairs

et al. 2011

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We have used propidium iodide (PI) to investigate the dynamic properties of the primary cell wall at the apex of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root hairs and pollen tubes and in lily (Lilium formosanum) pollen tubes. Our results show that in root hairs, as in pollen tubes, oscillatory peaks in PI fluorescence precede growth rate oscillations. Pectin forms the primary component of the cell wall at the tip of both root hairs and pollen tubes. Given the electronic structure of PI, we investigated whether PI binds to pectins in a manner analogous to Ca 2+ binding. We first show that Ca 2+ is able to abrogate PI growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. PI fluorescence itself also relies directly on the amount of Ca 2+ in the growth solution. Exogenous pectin methyl esterase treatment of pollen tubes, which demethoxylates pectins, freeing more Ca 2+ -binding sites, leads to a dramatic increase in PI fluorescence. Treatment with pectinase leads to a corresponding decrease in fluorescence. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PI binds to demethoxylated pectins. Unlike other pectin stains, PI at low yet useful concentration is vital and specifically does not alter the tip-focused Ca 2+ gradient or growth oscillations. These data suggest that pectin secretion at the apex of tip-growing plant cells plays a critical role in regulating growth, and PI represents an excellent tool for examining the role of pectin and of Ca 2+ in tip growth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Propidium Iodide Competes with Ca2+ to Label Pectin in Pollen Tubes and Arabidopsis Root Hairs

et al. 2011

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“…The CC theory predicts that a fraction of counterions is confined (condensed) to the immediate vicinity of the polyelectrolyte if its charge density is above critical. This theoretical concept has been confirmed by a series of experiments on a wide variety of polyelectrolytes, counterion species and experimental techniques 3,6,[13][14][15][16][17] . Nevertheless, when two or more counterion species of the same or different valence are present in solution, several experiments, including ours 12,14,17) , have shown that specific interactions, that depend on the polyion/counterion pair, modulate the electrostatic behaviour 6,10,13,14) resulting in a measurable counterion selectivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Affinity interactions in counterion-polyelectrolyte systems: Competition between different counterions

Benegas¹,

Paoletti

Hoop

1999

Macromol. Theory Simul.

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SUMMARY: Non-bonding, specific interactions between linear polyelectrolytes and different species of counterions (of equal or different valence) are considered in the framework of the counterion condensation theory. It is assumed that these interactions are of short distance nature and that, within our theoretical approach, they apply only to the counterions territorially associated (condensed) to the polyion, which are free to move within the condensation volume V p around it. It is found that a simple additive term in the total free energy is sufficient to account for this interaction, resulting in a modulation of the polyelectrolytically determined population of territorially bound counterions. The distribution of free and condensed counterions as well as its variation with the physicochemical variables of the solution can be readily calculated. Analysis of literature data on titrations of poly(methacrylic acid) and dextran sulfate in aqueous solution with different species of monovalent and divalent counterions show that both polyanions appear to have a modest affinity free energy (of about RT) for Ca ++ counterions when compared with Na + . On the other hand, polyion interactions with the Mg ++ /Na + pair are well described by bare polyelectrolytic interactions.

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“…The mechanism or process underlying this darkening is not clear at present. In contrast, deprivation of K or Mg, which are not involved in pectin cross-linking (Malovíková et al 2004), did not cause Evans blue uptake (Fig. 2a), ROS accumulation or root tip darkening (data not shown).…”

Section: Short-term Boron Deprivation Caused Cell Death In Roots Of Amentioning

confidence: 86%

“…2a). Magnesium ions interact with pectin carboxylic acid groups ionically but not coordinately; thus, they cannot participate in forming interchain cross-links in pectin (Malovíková et al 2004). Monovalent K + also does not cross-link pectin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boron deprivation immediately causes cell death in growing roots ofArabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heynh.

Oiwa

Kitayama

Kobayashi

et al. 2013

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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Boron (B) is essential for the correct formation of cell wall structure because it is a component of borate-ester cross-links in pectin. Previously, we showed that removal of B from the culture medium immediately induced stress responses in suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cells, but the mechanism by which cells exhibit such rapid responses remained unclear. In this study, we characterized the early responses of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. to B deprivation. Deprivation of B for 1 h caused cell death specifically in the root elongation zone. Reactive oxygen species accumulated in the same region, suggesting that the death was caused by oxidative damage. The B-deprivation treatment also induced the expressions of stress-responsive genes within 1 h. These results demonstrated that A. thaliana immediately senses and responds to the removal of B from the external medium. Similar responses were induced by calcium deprivation but not magnesium or potassium deprivation, suggesting that the failure of cross-linking in pectin molecules in growing cells triggers these rapid responses.

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Comparative interactions of magnesium and calcium counterions with polygalacturonic acid

Cited by 47 publications

References 36 publications

Propidium Iodide Competes with Ca2+ to Label Pectin in Pollen Tubes and Arabidopsis Root Hairs

Propidium Iodide Competes with Ca2+ to Label Pectin in Pollen Tubes and Arabidopsis Root Hairs

Affinity interactions in counterion-polyelectrolyte systems: Competition between different counterions

Boron deprivation immediately causes cell death in growing roots ofArabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heynh.

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