Comparative Metabolic Study of Tamarindus indica L.’s Various Organs Based on GC/MS Analysis, In Silico and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activities

Abstract

The chemical composition of the n-hexane extract of Tamarindus indica’s various organs— bark, leaves, seeds, and fruits (TIB, TIL, TIS, TIF)—was investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. A total of 113 metabolites were identified, accounting for 93.07, 83.17, 84.05, and 85.08 % of the total identified components in TIB, TIL, TIS, and TIF, respectively. Lupeol was the most predominant component in TIB and TIL, accounting for 23.61 and 22.78%, respectively. However, n-Docosanoic acid (10.49%) and methyl tricosanoate (7.09%) were present in a high percentage in TIS. However, α-terpinyl acetate (7.36%) and α-muurolene (7.52%) were the major components of TIF n-hexane extract. By applying a principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) to GC/MS-based metabolites, a clear differentiation of Tamarindus indica organs was achieved. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, the wound healing potential for the n-hexane extract of various plant organs was assessed using the in-vitro wound scratch assay using Human Skin Fibroblast cells. The tested extracts showed considerable anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities. At a concentration of 10 µg/mL, TIL showed the highest nitric oxide (NO) inhibition by 53.97 ± 5.89%. Regarding the wound healing potential, after 24 h, TIB, TIL, TIS, and TIF n-hexane extracts at 10 g/mL reduced the wound width to 1.09 ± 0.04, 1.12 ± 0.18, 1.09 ± 0.28, and 1.41 ± 0.35 mm, respectively, as compared to the control cells (1.37 ± 0.15 mm). These findings showed that the n-hexane extract of T. indica enhanced wound healing by promoting fibroblast migration. Additionally, a docking study was conducted to assess the major identified phytoconstituents’ affinity for binding to glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β), matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Lupeol showed the most favourable binding affinity to GSK3-β and iNOS, equal to −12.5 and −13.7 Kcal/mol, respectively, while methyl tricosanoate showed the highest binding affinity with MMP-8 equal to −13.1 Kcal/mol. Accordingly, the n-hexane extract of T. indica’s various organs can be considered a good candidate for the management of wound healing and inflammatory conditions.

Phytochemical Investigation of Three Cystoseira Species and Their Larvicidal Activity Supported with In Silico Studies

“…Information on the structure-activity relationships of active chemicals that are responsible for the killing action can be obtained by understanding the chemical components of seaweed [ 14 ]. Recently, the dependence on secondary metabolites from natural sources has been in great demand to control various ailments and defense against several conditions [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ].…”

Phytochemical analysis, GC–MS profile and determination of antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities of peel and seeds extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) of Tamarindus indica L

“…As the extracts presented impressive bioactivities, the potent extracts from both the samples were explored for their specific phytochemicals using analytical technique like GC–MS. Various researcher studied plant source extraction using different solvents and were further analyzed using chromatographic techniques like GC–MS, UPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS, UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS E , HPLC etc., to observe the presence of important biomolecules that can be utilized to treat inflammatory, wound healing, antioxidants, antimicrobial activity, hepatoprotective activity and so on ( Aly et al, 2023 , Chen et al, 2022a , Djebari et al, 2023 , Razali et al, 2012 , Wang et al, 2022 , Youssef et al, 2023 ). On analysis with GC–MS, it revealed the presence of versatile group of phytocompounds among all the solvent extracts from both the samples.…”

“…Similarly, Tamarindus indica tree source is also utilized for medicinal purpose which is a long lived evergreen hardwood tree found in different countries/region, for example, Egypt, Africa (tropical region) and Asia (including India) ( Aly et al, 2023 , Bhadoriya et al, 2011 , Ghaly et al, 2023 ). Tamarindus indica tree yields high amount of green fruits.…”

Plant Essential Oil with Biological Activity (II)

“…This Special Issue also included important research on the comparative metabolic study of Tamarindus indica (Egypt) from various organs (bark, leaves, seeds, and fruits) and evaluated their anti-inflammatory effects. This study was carried out by Aly et al [11] and concluded that the tested extracts from various organs of T. indica showed considerable anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities.…”