Comparative Mitogenomes of Two Coreamachilis Species (Microcoryphia: Machilidae) along with Phylogenetic Analyses of Microcoryphia

Abstract

The order Microcoryphia, commonly known as bristletails, is considered as the most primitive one among living insects. Within this order, two species, Coreamachilis coreanus and C. songi (Machilidae: Machilinae), display the following contrasting reproductive strategies: parthenogenesis occurs in C. coreanus, whereas sexual reproduction is found in C. songi. In the present study, the complete mitogenomes of C. coreanus and C. songi were sequenced to compare their mitogenome structure, analyze relationships within the Microcoryphia, and assess adaptive evolution. The length of the mitogenomes of C. coreanus and C. songi were 15,578 bp and 15,570 bp, respectively, and the gene orders were those of typical insects. A long hairpin structure was found between the ND1 and 16S rRNA genes of both species that seem to be characteristic of Machilinae and Petrobiinae species. Phylogenetic assessment of Coreamachilis was conducted using BI and ML analyses with concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 13 protein-coding genes. The results showed that the monophyly of Machilidae, Machilinae, and Petrobiinae was not supported. The genus Coreamachilis (C. coreanus and C. songi) was a sister clade to Allopsontus helanensis, and then the clade of ((C. coreanus + C. songi) + A. helanensis) was a sister clade to A. baii, which suggests that the monophyly of Allopsontus was not supported. Positive selection analysis of the 13 protein-coding genes failed to reveal any positive selection in C. coreanus or C. songi. The long hairpin structures found in Machilinae and Petrobiinae were highly consistent with the phylogenetic results and could potentially be used as an additional molecular characteristic to further discuss relationships within the Microcoryphia.

Novel Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangement and Intergenic Regions Exist in the Mitochondrial Genomes from Four Newly Established Families of Praying Mantises (Insecta: Mantodea)

“…Similarly, both short NCRs and long NCRs (short NCRs ranging from 20 bp to 90 bp and long NCRs over 90 bp) between genes have been widely reported in insects as well as some unique characteristics in several orders or families [ 6 , 18 , 30 , 35 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. For instance, in Ephemeroptera, trnA -NCR- trnR (with a NCR ranging from 32 to 47 bp) was frequently found in all heptageniid mitogenomes (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) [ 49 ].…”

The Genetic Diversity in Thereuonema tuberculata (Wood, 1862) (Scutigeromorpha: Scutigeridae) and the Phylogenetic Relationship of Scutigeromorpha Using the Mitochondrial Genome

“…The mitochondrial genome has characteristics as follows: relatively high evolution rates, relatively small genomic size, relatively rare sequence recombination and maternal inheritance [ 31 , 32 ]. Hence, the mitochondrial genome has great potential for serving as a molecular marker of phylogenetic analyses [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Moreover, the features (gene order, gene copy and size of noncoding regions) and genetic divergence of the mitochondrial genome are used to identify cryptic species [ 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

The Genetic Diversity and the Divergence Time in Extant Primitive Mayfly, Siphluriscus chinensis Ulmer, 1920 Using the Mitochondrial Genome

“…Nevertheless, the phylogenetic relationship within Ephemeroptera has been controversial. Based on different morphological characteristics, morphological classification basis and molecular marker data analysis, the results of the phylogenetic relationship within Ephemeroptera were inconsistent [ 1 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”