Comparative mitogenomic analysis of the superfamily Pentatomoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) and phylogenetic implications

Abstract

BackgroundInsect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are the most extensively used genetic marker for evolutionary and population genetics studies of insects. The Pentatomoidea superfamily is economically important and the largest superfamily within Pentatomomorpha with over 7,000 species. To better understand the diversity and evolution of pentatomoid species, we sequenced and annotated the mitogenomes of Eurydema gebleri and Rubiconia intermedia, and present the first comparative analysis of the 11 pentatomoid mitogenomes that have been sequenced to date.ResultsWe obtained the complete mitogenome of Eurydema gebleri (16,005 bp) and a nearly complete mitogenome of Rubiconia intermedia (14,967 bp). Our results show that gene content, gene arrangement, base composition, codon usage, and mitochondrial transcription termination factor sequences are highly conserved in pentatomoid species, especially for species in the same family. Evolutionary rate analyses of protein-coding genes reveal that the highest and lowest rates are found in atp8 and cox1 and distinctive evolutionary patterns are significantly correlated with the G + C content of genes. We inferred the secondary structures for two rRNA genes for eleven pentatomoid species, and identify some conserved motifs of RNA structures in Pentatomidea. All tRNA genes in pentatomoid mitogenomes have a canonical cloverleaf secondary structure, except for two tRNAs (trnS1 and trnV) which appear to lack the dihydrouridine arm. Regions that are A + T-rich have several distinct characteristics (e.g. size variation and abundant tandem repeats), and have potential as species or population level molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitogenomic data strongly support the monophyly of Pentatomoidea, and the estimated phylogenetic relationships are: (Urostylididae + (Plataspidae + (Pentatomidae + (Cydnidae + (Dinidoridae + Tessaratomidae))))).ConclusionsThis comparative mitogenomic analysis sheds light on the architecture and evolution of mitogenomes in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. Mitogenomes can be effectively used to resolve phylogenetic relationships of pentatomomorphan insects at various taxonomic levels. Sequencing more mitogenomes at various taxonomic levels, particularly from closely related species, will improve the annotation accuracy of mitochondrial genes, as well as greatly enhance our understanding of mitogenomic evolution and phylogenetic relationships in pentatomoids.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1679-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparative mitochondrial genomic analyses of three chemosynthetic vesicomyid clams from deep‐sea habitats

“…Except for regions located between nad6 and nad5 / trnaL1 / trnaW , most parts of the mt genomes were successfully sequenced (Appendix S2). The regions that failed to be sequenced were known to contain notable base composition bias and high numbers of tandem repeats (Liu et al., 2015; Ozawa, Shimamura, Takaki, Yokobori et al., 2017) that may have disrupted PCR amplification, as has been reported in animal species (Ozawa, Shimamura, Takaki, Yokobori et al., 2017; Yuan, Zhang, Guo, Wang, & Shen, 2015). As a result, 15,650, 15,674, and 17,782 bp mtDNAs were obtained for Archivesica sp., Ar.…”

A comparative study of the abdominal trichobothria of Trichophora, with emphasis on Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

“…The character polarity of various trichobothrial arrangements is not always clear, but the presence of medioventral trichobothria is considered as a plesiomorphy within Trichophora by several authors (Štys, 1967;Schaefer, 1966aSchaefer, , b, 1975Schaefer, , 1993Schaefer & Wilcox, 1969); furthermore, as pointed out above (4.3), the coding for this character is wrong in the study of Henry (1997a), and the character state exhibited by Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea is also shared by all Lygaeoidea. A monophyletic Pyrrhocoroidea + Coreoidea clade is recovered by some molecular studies (Yuan et al, 2015) and a monophyletic Pyrrhocoroidea + Lygaeoidea clade by others Wang et al, 2016); none of these studies include Idiostoloidea. The support for a monophyletic Coreoidea + Pyrrhocoroidea clade is therefore not particularly strong.…”

“…The topology suggested by Yao et al (2012), however, seems unlikely for several reasons (highly polyphyletic Lygaeoidea, Piesmatidae being the sister group of the rest of Trichophora, Rhyparochromidae being the sister group of the rest of Trichophora except for Piesmatidae). Recent molecular studies (Xie et al, 2005;Hua et al, 2008;Tian et al, 2011;Yuan et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016Li et al, , 2017Wang et al, 2016) do not include any species of Idiostoloidea.…”

“…Because an AT having a recessed bothrium is found not only in Idiostolidae, but also in Pentatomoidea, the group usually considered as the sister group of the rest of Trichophora (Henry, 1997a;Hua et al, 2008;Tian et al, 2011;Yuan et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016Li et al, , 2017Wang et al, 2016), and such bothria are also common in many groups Fig. 5g, enlarged; i -three trichobothria on sternite III of Cymus glandicolor (Cymidae); j -lateral trichobothrium on sternite VI of C. glandicolor; k -posterior two trichobothria on sternite V of Chauliops quaternaria (Malcidae: Chauliopinae); l -lateral trichobothrium on sternite III of Chauliops horizontalis.…”

The first mitochondrial genome for the subfamily Podopinae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and its phylogenetic implications

“…In addition, trnS1 in the G. rubrolineata mitogenome presented an unusual anticodon stem (9 bp vs. the normal 5 bp) and a bulged nucleotide in the middle of the AC stem, which was a common feature in true bugs (Zhang et al 2013;Yuan et al 2015aYuan et al , 2015b. The rrnL was 1277 bp long with an A þ T content of 78.8%, and the rrnS was 796 bp with an A þ T content of 77.5%.…”