Comparative Morphological Aspects of Placental Vascularization

Dantzer, V.; Leiser, Rudolf; Kaufmann, Peter; Luckhardt, Michael

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8109-3_17

Cited by 25 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…12 in . The crosscurrent exchange is considered to be not as efficient (see Faber & Thornburg, 1983), but (1) the combination of both systems, (2) the multiplication of the exchange surface (Baur, 1981) due to progressive capillary growth and (3) the vascular architecture displaying a short supplying component of the vasculature results in a placenta of relatively high substance transfer, especially when considering the ratio of fetal and placental weight, which is about 12 : 1 in cattle (Dantzer et al 1988). Additionally, the presence of morphology independent exchange-promoting factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (Torry & Torry, 1997), may compensate for the reduced efficiency of the crosscurrent exchange condition.…”

Section: Development Of Maternofetal Blood Flow Interrelationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The three‐dimensional feto‐maternal vascular interrelationship during early bovine placental development: a scanning electron microscopical study

Pfarrer

Ebert

Miglino³

et al. 2001

Journal of Anatomy

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Both the fetal and maternal microvasculature of bovine placentomes was examined by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. So far the development of the vascular architecture of the bovine placentome in early gestation has only been studied 2-dimensionally due to technical difficulties arising from the fragility of the early placental blood vessels. Repeated experiments led to the selection of the microvascular corrosion casts presented here. The vasculature of the maternal compartment is supplied by large caruncular stalk or spiral arteries, which release short maternal stem arteries. In the 3rd month of gestation, these arteries branch into several arterioles at their base, thus providing the vascular framework for the lower part of the septal walls of the primary crypts. In the 4th month, due to progressive longitudinal growth of the stem arteries, branching into arterioles occurs not only at the base, but over the whole length of the stem arteries. These arterioles supply the capillary complexes of the septa which resemble the major part of the septal vasculature and face the secondary crypts. Further indentation results in the formation of tertiary crypt capillary complexes, encircling the earlier secondary unit. From the 6th month of gestation the architecture resembles the fully developed maternal placenta with stem arteries running directly to the fetal side to branch into 4 to 6 arterioles, which turn back to enter secondary and tertiary septa. Maternal venules, collecting the blood from the capillary bed of secondary and tertiary septa, converge onto stem veins leaving the caruncle via branches of the uterine vein. The fetal part of the placentome is supplied by the cotyledonary arteries, which branch into fetal stem arteries that are the tributary to single villous trees. Over their whole course towards the maternal side, these give off arterioles entering secondary villi. The tertiary or terminal villous vasculature consists of capillaries, which are organised in serial capillary loops. This system is progressively elaborated in the course of gestation. In the 4th month there are only finger-like loops, whereas from the 6th month large fan-like structures can be observed. In early gestation the maternal and fetal blood vessels meet predominantly in a countercurrent fashion, changing to the less efficient crosscurrent exchange when the tertiary unit develops. These results indicate the development of a highly elaborated fetomaternal villous-crypt exchange system, already established in the 1st half of gestation, thus meeting the increasing needs of the fetus.

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Section: Development Of Maternofetal Blood Flow Interrelationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The three‐dimensional feto‐maternal vascular interrelationship during early bovine placental development: a scanning electron microscopical study

Pfarrer

Ebert

Miglino³

et al. 2001

Journal of Anatomy

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“…according to the type of placental interface and fetomaternal blood flow interrelation (4)(5)(6)(7)(8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis

Wildman

Chen

Erez

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

310

283

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The placenta is essential for the success of therian mammalian reproduction. Intense selective pressure has shaped changes in placental anatomy and function during mammalian cladogenesis. Here we challenge the view that the hemochorial placenta is a derived feature in haplorhine primates. Using phylogenetic and statistical analyses of molecular and morphological data, we demonstrate that the ancestral eutherian mammalian placenta had the distinctive features of (i) hemochorial placental interface, (ii) a discoid shape, and (iii) a labyrinthine maternofetal interdigitation. These results reveal that the first eutherians had a deeply invasive placenta and imply that the major role of the placenta in sustaining pregnancy and promoting gestational development existed throughout the eutherian lineage that descended to humans from the last common ancestor of placental mammals. The ancestral state reconstructions demonstrate both clade-specific patterns of placentation and specific cases of convergent evolution within individual eutherian clades. Determining the mammalian pattern of change in placental morphology is important for understanding the evolutionary pressures faced by these lineages. The effects of selection pressures on the efficiency of placentation may stem from changes in nutritional demand, gestational length, number of embryos per pregnancy, uterine shape, and maternal body constitution. The influence of these factors on placental development needs further investigation. discoid shape ͉ Eutheria ͉ hemochorial ͉ maternofetal interdigitation ͉ villous type

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“…The buffer perfusion was continued until the venous outflow was clear and the tissue of the bursa was distinctively pale. Subsequently, the bursae were perfused with liquid plastic compounds Mercox® or modified Batson® (Polyscience, Warrington, PA, USA: see Dantzer et al 1988). Following polymerization of the plastic, the BF were excised and stored in warm water overnight (40 ° C).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age‐dependent changes in the pigeon bursa of Fabricius vasculature: a comparative study using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of vessel casts

Abbate¹,

Pfarrer²,

Jones³

et al. 2007

Journal of Anatomy

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The present study was carried out to analyse the vascularization of the pigeon bursa cloacalis of Fabricius and to determine whether it undergoes age-dependent changes during its functionally most important growth period after hatching of the pigeon. Morphological assessment of vascular corrosion casts, studied qualitatively and quantitatively, was applied for the first time to investigate the vascularization of the pigeon pigeon bursa of Fabricius. This also allowed us to analyse the microvasculature and morphological aspects of the vessel interrelationships as occurring in the natural state. The casts were compared with histological sections stained by haematoxylin-eosin and by binding of the lectin e-PHA ( Phaseolus vulgaris, erythroagglutinin) to blood vessels. The vascular architecture of the bursa of Fabricius of the pigeon revealed that the organ is irrigated via two pathways, first through the terminal capillary system of lymphoid follicles arising from the internal pudendal artery, and secondly through arteries originating from the cloacal vasculature of the collum of the organ supplying the periluminal capillary system of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius. Both systems are drained by a venous system which is collateral to the system of the internal pudendal artery and clearly functions as a direct link between the lumen and vasculature of the cloaca or gut, respectively, and the bursa fabricii. This could allow the lymphocytes to be confronted with antigens from the contents of the gut, and their subsequent transport into the secondary lymphoid organs of the organism. Our results demonstrate that the blood vessels, as major and supplying part of the lymphoid system of the bursa Fabricii, clearly reflect three different phases of development: the evolution phase from about day 20 until day 50 posthatching, the mature phase from days 50 to 90, and the involution phase after day 90. During the evolution phase the density of the vessel system rapidly increases, while in the mature phase the vascular architecture is maintained. The involution phase is dominated by vascular degeneration combined with shrinkage of the whole organ. Therefore, the morphology of the vasculature distinctly reflects the functional status of this primary lymphoid organ during its lifespan.

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Comparative Morphological Aspects of Placental Vascularization

Cited by 25 publications

References 36 publications

The three‐dimensional feto‐maternal vascular interrelationship during early bovine placental development: a scanning electron microscopical study

The three‐dimensional feto‐maternal vascular interrelationship during early bovine placental development: a scanning electron microscopical study

Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis

Age‐dependent changes in the pigeon bursa of Fabricius vasculature: a comparative study using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of vessel casts

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