Comparative morphology of the forewing base articulation in Sternorrhyncha compared with a representative of Fulgoromorpha (Insecta, Hemiptera)

Abstract

The forewing articulation of single species from each of the four subgroups of Sternorrhyncha (Aleyrodomorpha, Aphidomorpha, Coccomorpha, Psyllomorpha) was examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The species were compared with a species of Cixiidae (Fulgoromorpha), as an outgroup of Sternorrhyncha. We present the results of a comparative analysis of the forewing articulation in these five groups, propose a standardized terminology and compare our findings with those previously reported. The wing base of all examined species is composed of the following structures: anterior and posterior notal wing process, first, second, and third axillary sclerites, tegula, and axillary cord. The number of elements included in the wing base and the surrounding area is the greatest in Cacopsyllamali, the most complicated species from Sternorrhyncha. Based on the shape of axillary sclerites and the number of elements forming the wing base environment, Orthezia urticae (Coccomorpha) and Cixius nervosus (Fulgoromorpha) are the most similar. Among Sternorrhyncha, the most similar axillaries are those of Aphis fabae and Orthezia urticae, which is congruent with existing classifications. In this paper we show that the four groups from Sternorrhyncha exhibit their own distinct wing base morphology.

Morphological and histological study of the forewing of Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus 1758) (Sternorrhyncha, Hemiptera) with a comparative analysis of forewings among Sternorrhyncha infraorders

“…The above relations between infraorders have been confirmed by the current results regarding forewing base articulation in Sternorrhyncha representatives (Franielczyk and Wegierek 2016). However, if combined with data from wing structures analysis (combined data summarized in Table 1), it suggests more similarities inside groups aphids + psyllids and coccoids + aleyrodids.…”

“…Forewing formation may have proceeded independently in these four groups (Franielczyk and Wegierek 2016, 2017, 2019Franielczyk-Pietyra et al 2018a, b). It is reflected by both axillary sclerites and the differences between forewing surface.…”

Is there a relationship between the morphology of the forewing axillary sclerites and the way the wing folds in aphids (Aphidomorpha, Sternorrhyncha, Hemiptera)?

“…Comparing these results with previously obtained (Franielczyk and Wegierek 2016 ), one finds a pronounced variability of the axillary sclerites architecture within one suborder, Sternorrhyncha. Between all four infraorders analyzed, there are four independent trends in axillary sclerites architecture.…”

“…The results for three axillary sclerites that build the forewing base in aphids are presented here. The ground-plan of the entire wing base was discussed in a previous work (Franielczyk and Wegierek 2016 ).…”

The forewing of the Aphis fabae (Scopoli 1763) (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha): a morphological and histological study

“…Within the hemimetabolous suborder Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera), wing base articulation was studied by Weber ( 1928 , 1935 ) in aphids and whiteflies, Koteja ( 1996 ) in coccids, Yoshizawa and Saigusa ( 2001 ) and Ouvrard et al ( 2008 ) in psyllids. More recently, forewing base articulation in representatives of all four infraorders of Sternorrhyncha was studied by Franielczyk and Wegierek ( 2016 ).…”