Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Commercially Available Cannabidiol Isolate, Broad-Spectrum, and Full-Spectrum Products

Berthold, Erin C.; Kamble, Shyam H.; Raju, K. Kanaka; Kuntz, Michelle A.; Senetra, Alexandria S.; Chiang, Yi-Hua; McMahon, Lance Richard; McCurdy, Christopher R.; Sharma, Abhisheak

doi:10.1007/s13318-023-00839-3

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Label accuracy was assessed by evaluating claims of product type (i.e., “full spectrum,” “broad spectrum,” and “CBD isolate”) on the label ( Supplementary Table S1 in Supplement 1). Full spectrum CBD products are derived from hemp extract that do not undergo post-processing to add cannabinoids or completely remove any type of compound; they contain multiple hemp-derived cannabinoids, other naturally occurring compounds, and trace amounts of THC (not >0.3%) ( Dahlgren, et al, 2022 ; Berthold, et al, 2023 ; OCM, 2024 ). Our conservative operational definition was presence of CBD, THC, and at least one other phytocannabinoid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our conservative operational definition was presence of CBD, THC, and at least one other phytocannabinoid. Broad spectrum CBD products are also derived from hemp extract and include multiple cannabinoids, but THC has been removed to nondetectable levels during post-processing ( Dahlgren, et al, 2022 ; Berthold, et al, 2023 ; OCM, 2024 ); our conservative operational definition was presence of CBD and at least one other phytocannabinoid but no THC. CBD isolate products contain >95% CBD ( OCM, 2024 ); our operational definition for CBD isolate was consistent with this formal definition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Product labeling accuracy and contamination analysis of commercially available cannabidiol product samples

Gidal,

Vandrey,

Wallin

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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Background and objective: Commercially available cannabidiol (CBD) products are increasingly being used for medicinal purposes, including for the treatment of various neurological conditions, but there are growing concerns around adherence to quality control measures that protect consumers. This study was conducted to assess the purity and label accuracy of commercially available CBD products.Methods: Commercially available CBD products were chosen from the open stream of commerce in the United States based on formulations as a tincture, gummy, vape, or topical product. Cannabinoid concentrations were analyzed to verify label accuracy including “full spectrum,” “broad spectrum,” and “CBD isolate” claims on the product label. Analysis for the presence of contaminants included evaluation for heavy metals, pesticides, and residual solvents. Labeled and actual total amounts of CBD and levels of impurities such as heavy metals, residual solvents, and pesticides were measured.Results: A total of 202 CBD products (100 tinctures, 48 gummies, 34 vape products, and 20 topicals) were chosen to represent a broad sample in the United States. Of the products tested (full spectrum, n = 84; broad spectrum, n = 28; CBD isolate, n = 37), 26% did not meet the definition for product type claimed on the packaging. The majority of products (74%) deviated from their label claim of CBD potency by at least 10%. Heavy metals were detected 52 times across 44 of the 202 products tested, with lead being the most prevalent heavy metal. Residual solvents were detected 446 times across 181 of 202 products, with the highest concentrations reported for hexane, m/p-xylene, methanol, and o-xylene. Of 232 pesticides tested, 26 were found 55 times across 30 products. A total of 3% of heavy metals, 1% of residual solvents, and 1% of pesticides violated >1 regulatory threshold.Discussion: This study demonstrated that the majority of commercially available CBD products tested within the current study are inaccurately labeled. Heavy metals, residual solvents, and pesticides were found in several products, some of which violated regulatory thresholds. Thus, uniform compliance with CBD quality control measures is lacking and raises consumer protection concerns. Improved regulatory oversight of this industry is recommended.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Product labeling accuracy and contamination analysis of commercially available cannabidiol product samples

Gidal,

Vandrey,

Wallin

et al. 2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…Samples were analyzed using previously validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods for the quantification of cannabinoids and alkaloids in rat plasma [ 35 , 37 ]. Both methods used a Waters Acquity I-Class UPLC coupled to a Xevo TQ-S micro mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Kratom and Cannabidiol in Male Rats

Berthold,

Kamble,

Kanumuri

et al. 2024

Pharmaceutics

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Kratom and cannabidiol products are used to self-treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety and pain, and to elevate mood. Research into the individual pharmacokinetic properties of commercially available kratom and cannabidiol products has been performed, but there are no studies on coadministration of these products. Surveys of individuals with kratom use history indicate that cannabidiol use is one of the strongest predictors of both lifetime and past month kratom use. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are changes in pharmacokinetic properties when commercially available kratom and cannabidiol products are administered concomitantly. It was found that with concomitant administration of cannabidiol, there was a 2.8-fold increase in the exposure of the most abundant kratom alkaloid, mitragynine, and increases in the exposure of other minor alkaloids. The results of this work suggest that with cannabidiol coadministration, the effects of kratom may be both delayed and increased due to a delay in time to reach maximum plasma concentration and higher systemic exposure of the psychoactive alkaloids found in kratom.

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Endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids in the main species of veterinary interest: a comparative review

Di Salvo,

Chiaradia,

Sforna

et al. 2024

Vet Res Commun

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Since the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and due to the empirical evidence of the therapeutic effects on several illnesses both in humans and animals that follow the administration of exogenous cannabinoids (i.e., phytocannabinoids), numerous studies have been conducted. These investigations aimed to identify the expression and distribution of cannabinoid receptors in healthy and pathologic organs and tissues of different animal species and to define the interactions of phytocannabinoids with these receptors. In the last decade, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability of many Cannabis derivatives formulations, mainly containing cannabidiol, in the main species of veterinary interest, have been also investigated. This manuscript summarizes the findings reported by the scientific studies published so far on the molecular mode of action of the main phytocannabinoids, the localization of cannabinoid receptors in organs and tissues, as well as the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability of Cannabis derivatives in dogs, cats, horses and other species of veterinary interest. A deep knowledge of these issues is crucial for the use of phytocannabinoids for therapeutic purposes in animal species.

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Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Commercially Available Cannabidiol Isolate, Broad-Spectrum, and Full-Spectrum Products

Cited by 9 publications

References 29 publications

Product labeling accuracy and contamination analysis of commercially available cannabidiol product samples

Product labeling accuracy and contamination analysis of commercially available cannabidiol product samples

Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Kratom and Cannabidiol in Male Rats

Endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids in the main species of veterinary interest: a comparative review

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