Comparative phenolic compound profiles and antioxidative activity of the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) according to cultivation years

Abstract

BackgroundThe study of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidative activity in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots with respect to cultivation years, and has been little reported to date. Hence, this study examined the phenolic compounds profiles and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activities in the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) as a function of cultivation year.MethodsProfiling of 23 phenolic compounds in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with the external calibration method. Antioxidative activity of ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots were evaluated using the method of DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity.ResultsThe total phenol content in ginseng fruit and leaves was higher than in ginseng roots (p < 0.05), and the phenol content in the ginseng samples was significantly correlated to the DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity (r = 0.928****). In particular, p-coumaric acid (r = 0.847****) and ferulic acid (r = 0.742****) greatly affected the DPPH activity. Among the 23 phenolic compounds studied, phenolic acids were more abundant in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots than the flavonoids and other compounds (p < 0.05). In particular, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, p- and m-coumaric acid, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds in 3–6-yr-old ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots.ConclusionThis study provides basic information about the antioxidative activity and phenolic compounds profiles in fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng with cultivation years. This information is potentially useful to ginseng growers and industries involved in the production of high-quality and nutritional ginseng products.

Proteomic Analysis of the Effect of Korean Red Ginseng in the Striatum of a Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model

“…It has recently been suggested as a potential neuroprotective agent against PD [6] because several studies showed that it has neuroprotective [7], anti-oxidative [8] and anti-inflammatory effects [9]. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is steamed and dried Panax ginseng Meyer for lengthy preservation, and our previous study showed that the administration of KRG suppressed dopaminergic neuronal death in SN and ST against MPTP toxicity [7].…”

Formation of trihalomethanes as disinfection byproducts in herbal spa pools

“…More than ten phenolic compounds, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, and syringic acid, have been reported in ginseng plants 43–45 . Despite the various biological properties, such as antioxidant and anticancer effects 46 , of the phenolic compounds present in ginseng, the phenolic/aromatic fractions of NOM are believed to be reactive sites for by-product formation 47 and one of the major precursors to the formation of THMs 48 . Furthermore, the temperature of spa water is usually higher than that of swimming water, which facilitates the generation of more volatile organic components from the ginseng samples 49 .…”

Lipids in Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Their Analysis

“…47 In addition to the flavonoids listed in Table 1, a total 23 phenolic compounds have been identified in P. ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots. 48 Ginseng powder (1 g) was extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile and 2 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution using a shaker. The filtrate of the crude ginseng extract was dried and reconstituted with 5 mL of 80% aqueous methanol.…”