COMPARATIVE PHOTOSYNTHESIS, WATER RELATIONS, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATES IN JUVENILE CRIOLLO CACAO CULTIVARS (<i>THEOBROMA CACAO</i>) DURING DRY AND WET SEASONS

Araque, Osmary Z.; Jaimez, Ramón E.; Tezara, Wilmer; Coronel, Ilsa; Urich, Rosa; Espinoza, Wilmer

doi:10.1017/s0014479712000427

Cited by 51 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Water status. High values of Ψ early in the morning were in agreement to those reported for young plants in well-watered conditions in an agroforestry system (Jaimez et al 2008;Tezara et al 2009;Araque et al 2012) and in young trees in a germplasm bank (Pereyra 2007;Ávila-Lovera et al 2016). By the time of the study (November and January) when monthly rainfall average was high, Ψ at noon of these trees indicated a low transpiration rate which may well be the result of an environment of low evaporative demand.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The WUE shown by the two types of cocoa were similar to those reported for younger individuals of six cultivars from Margarita Island and eastern Venezuela grown in a germplasm bank (Pereyra 2007;Tezara et al 2009) but higher than other four cultivars of Criollo cocoa in a agroforestry system (Araque et al 2012). The long-term WUE estimated by δ 13 C in adult trees (-29.2 ‰) was similar to those found in Criollo cultivars (Ávila-Lovera et al 2016) and significantly higher to that reported for younger cocoa trees (-30 ‰) (Pereyra 2007;Tezara et al 2009), indicating that adult trees could even present a better physiological performance during the rainy season.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The very low average A observed for both cultivars might be associated with low g s . Similarly, A values have been found to range from 0.7 to 6.5 µmol m -2 s -1 with low g s (20 -150 mmol m -2 s -1 ) in different studies Daymond et al 2011;Araque et al 2012;de Almeida et al 2014;Ávila-Lovera et al 2016). Higher instantaneous A and lower E determine a significant higher WUE in Criollo compared to Forastero, suggesting that Criollo cocoa could grow well in regions with limited water availability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Low photosynthetic rates (A) and stomatal conductance (g s ) have been reported in cocoa trees with reductions due to water deficit, high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and high photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD) among other abiotic factors that could cause stress (Deng et al 1989;de Almeida and Valle 2007;Acheampong et al 2013;Ávila-Lovera et al 2016). There are limited studies on ecophysiological responses to water and light availability of different genotypes of adult cocoa trees, both in agricultural ecosystems and natural habitats (Moser et al 2010;Araque et al 2012;Jaimez et al 2013;Ávila-Lovera et al 2016).…”

Section: Botanical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While many plantations in Venezuela are mainly of Trinitario and Forastero cultivars, the strategy established in the last decade is the gradual introduction of hybrids and Criollo cultivars with high almond quality in extended regions of the country. Physiological responses of Criollo cocoa to water deficit have been reported and osmotic adjustment importance in some cultivars is highlighted (Rada et al 2005;Araque et al 2012). Different cultivars from major cocoa areas of the country, including the island of Margarita, grown in a germplasm bank in the central region, showed significant seasonal and between-cultivar physiological differences (Pereyra 2007;Tezara et al 2009).…”

Section: Botanical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Tezara¹,

Urich²,

Jaimez³

et al. 2016

Bot. Sci.

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Background: The Palma Real Mountain of Venezuela has Criollo and Forastero cocoa trees of over 50 years old. These individuals are considered ancestral representatives of high quality cocoa that have survived for many years in this location without any agronomic management. Question: This study shows some physiological traits of these old trees, in order to determine whether differences exist in photosynthetic capacity and some biochemical parameters between the two types of cocoa growing under natural conditions. , carboxylation efficiency (CE) and photochemical activity, indicated a comparable photosynthetic capacity in both cocoa types. Conclusions: There are apparently no physiological disadvantages in Criollo compared with Forastero trees and therefore both could be recommended as suitable materials for cultivation in similar environments, thereby expanding cultivation of high quality cocoa. Key words: A/C curves, fluorescence, photosynthetic activity, Theobroma cacao, water potential. ¿Tiene el cacao Criollo las mismas características ecofisiológicas que el Forastero? ResumenAntecedentes: La Montaña Palma Real en Venezuela tiene árboles de cacao Criollo y Forastero de más de 50 años de edad. Estos individuos se consideran representantes ancestrales de cacao de alta calidad que han sobrevivido durante muchos años en este lugar sin ningún tipo de manejo agronómico. Pregunta: Este estudio muestra algunas características fisiológicos de estos árboles, con el fin de determinar si existen diferencias en la capacidad fotosintética y algunos parámetros bioquímicos entre los dos tipos de cacao que crecen en condiciones naturales. Especie estudiada: Theobroma cacao L. Sitio de estudio y años del estudio: se hizo en la montaña Palma Real en la Isla de Margarita, Estado Nueva Esparta, en enero de 2008 y noviembre de 2009. Métodos: Los individuos presentes en la zona, inicialmente se caracterizaron como cacao Criollo o Forastero; se evaluó el intercambio gaseoso, la fluorescencia de la clorofila, la respuesta de la tasa fotosintética (A) a la concentración intercelular de CO 2 (C i ) y a la densidad de flujo de fotones (PFD), la relación de isótopos de carbono (δ 13 C), la proporción de isótopos de nitrógeno (δ 15 N), y el contenido de clorofila y N foliar. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que las características de intercambio de gases de cacao Criollo difieren levemente de los de cacao Forastero. Sin embargo, la PFD de saturación fue similar (~ 400 µmol m -2 s -1 ) con valores de A a luz saturante cerca de 4 µmol m -2 s -1 , la eficiencia de carboxilación (CE) y la actividad fotoquímica, indicaron una capacidad fotosintética comparable en ambos tipos de cacao. Conclusiones: Aparentemente no hay desventajas fisiológicas en el cacao Criollo en comparación con los árbo-les de cacao Forastero, por lo tanto ambos podrían ser recomendados como materiales adecuados para el cultivo en ambientes similares al lugar de estudio, aumentando así el cultivo de cacao de alta calidad.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Botanical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Botanical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Tezara¹,

Urich²,

Jaimez³

et al. 2016

Bot. Sci.

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Edaphic and physiographic attributes and death of cacao trees in drought years

et al. 2023

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Occurrence of more frequent events of prolonged periods of low rainfall (drought) in worldwide cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production zones has not only compromised productivity of small farmers but also crop survival. This study aimed to evaluate how and to what extent cacao tree mortality in dry years is related with variations in soil and physiographic features. The rate of mortality of cacao trees cultivated under an agroforestry system was evaluated over three periods (1994-1995, 2009-2013, and 2015-2019) on 36 plots of a farm in Bahia, Brazil, which has a wide diversity of soils and is established in a region with a subhumid to dry climate. Correlation analyses (single and multiple), cluster analysis, and Tukey tests were performed. The explanatory variables studied were the attributes of two soil layers (physical, mineralogical, and chemical), the diagnostic horizon, and the physiographic attributes (slope, terrain orientation in relation to the sun, and crop shading). The edaphic attributes most related to cacao tree mortality were physical (granulometry, porosity, and density) and mineralogical (Ki), mainly in the subsurface layer. The lowest mortality was observed in Oxisols and on slopes facing south and east. It was possible to establish recommend limits of the most suitable edaphic attributes to ensure greater survival of cacao trees cultivated in regions subject to recurrent water deficit similar to the conditions of this study. These findings can be used to guide farmers on how to mitigate the effect of drought. INTRODUCTIONIncrease in the frequency of drought events in the cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production regions of the world has Abbreviations: BD, bulk density; BS, base saturation; CEC, cation exchange capacity; Ki, SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratio; Kr, SiO 2 /(Fe 2 O 3 +Al 2 O 3 ) molar ratio; PCA, principal components analysis; PDP, percentage of dead plants; P rem , remaining P; S-value, sum of basic cations; Sl, terrain slope; SLAI, shading leaf area index; SORS, slope orientation in relation to the sun; TOC, total organic carbon; TP, total porosity.

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Cacao

Daymond

Bekele

2021

Cash Crops

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COMPARATIVE PHOTOSYNTHESIS, WATER RELATIONS, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATES IN JUVENILE CRIOLLO CACAO CULTIVARS (THEOBROMA CACAO) DURING DRY AND WET SEASONS

Cited by 51 publications

References 20 publications

Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Does Criollo cocoa have the same ecophysiological characteristics than Forastero?

Edaphic and physiographic attributes and death of cacao trees in drought years

Cacao

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