Comparative phytotoxicity of nitrapyrin and ATC to several leguminous species

Maftoun, M.; Yasrebi, Jafar; Darbeheshti, M.

doi:10.1007/bf02374610

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Most studies about nitrification inhibitors focus on the efficacy regarding nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) reduction. Only few studies consider the associated ecotoxic effects of commercially used products and active compounds, and most of them are not very recent [4,21]. Therefore, not only recently developed or registered products lack information about their ecotoxicity.…”

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Evaluating the ecotoxicity of nitrification inhibitors using terrestrial and aquatic test organisms

et al. 2019

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Background: The increasing demand for food and animal fodder worldwide has led to an intensified agriculture with an increasing use of nitrogen fertilizers. More recently, nitrate leaching and gaseous nitrogen emissions have become the focus of environmental discussions and climate politics. One approach to reduce such negative impacts is the use of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) that have shown to effectively reduce nitrogen losses to the groundwater and the air. However, ecotoxic effects of NIs have been studied to a limited extent only. Therefore, two commercial NIs (Piadin and Vizura) and an active ingredient of another NI, dicyandiamide (DCD), were assayed using various ecotoxicological biotests and test species: the Lemna Growth Inhibition Test (Lemna gibba), the Seed Germination/Root Elongation Toxicity Test (Agrostemma githago, Fagopyrum esculentum, Glycine max, Hordeum vulgare, Lunaria annua, Zea mays), the Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test (A. githago, F. esculentum, Z. mays) and the marine Luminescent Bacteria Test (Aliivibrio fischeri). The fresh water L. gibba and the bacterium A. fischeri were exposed to different test concentrations in liquid growth media, whereas the terrestrial plants were exposed to the test substances diluted/dissolved in deionized water and added to the solid growth medium.Results: Dicyandiamide did not show ecotoxic effects in any test conducted. Piadin and Vizura showed ecotoxic effects throughout all experiments. Frond number and frond area of L. gibba were inhibited with increasing concentrations of both substances with Piadin leading to an earlier inhibition and therefore lower EC 50 values. In the Seed Germination Test, Vizura generally inhibited seed germination and root development more effectively than Piadin. Regarding both substances, the endpoint root length was much more sensitive than the endpoint germination. In the Seedling Emergence Test, Z. mays was the least sensitive and the rare weed species A. githago the most sensitive species with regard to the tested endpoints and both substances. A. fischeri was strongly inhibited by Vizura, whereas Piadin had barely effects on the bacteria. Conclusion: All findings indicate ecotoxic effects of Piadin and Vizura, especially on the aquatic species L. gibba and on the root development of several terrestrial plant species. However, the origins of the ecotoxic properties remain unclear as both substances contain a mixture of-to some extent unknown-chemical compounds. which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Evaluating the ecotoxicity of nitrification inhibitors using terrestrial and aquatic test organisms

et al. 2019

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“…Both of these NI,s are used in agriculture with some limitations e.g. effectiveness of nitrapyrin is limited due to its toxicity to crop plants (Maftoun et al, 1981), sorption on soil colloids, decomposition and volatilization (Keeney, 1983;Slangen and Kerkhoff, 1984). On the other hand, at high temperature half-life of DCD is sharply decreased, which makes its use impractical in arid and semi-arid agro ecosystem (Di and Cameron, 2004).…”

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Influence of calcium carbide formulations on growth, yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat under field conditions

Mahmood

Yaseen

2015

Journal of Plant Nutrition

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Field experiments were conducted in 2006-07 and 2007-08 to evaluate the effects of three calcium carbide (CaC 2 ) based formulations (slow release sources of acetylene and ethylene) ˗ matrix-1 [(M-1)(21% CaC 2 , 58% polyethylene and 21% plaster of paris)], matrix-2 [(M-2)(42% CaC 2 , 48% polyethylene and 10% plaster of paris)] and paint coated [(PC)(35% CaC 2 , 44% paint and 21% plaster of paris)] ˗ on nitrification inhibition; growth, yield and nitrogen (N)-uptake of wheat. All the three CaC 2 formulations (CCF,s) inhibited nitrification, reduced plant height, and improved N-uptake, spike bearing tillers, 1000-grains weight and yield of Inqulab-91 and Bhakhar-02 wheat cultivars. Increase in grain yield was found maximum (22% over the control) with M-1 applied at 30 kg CaC 2 ha -1 ; followed by M-2 and PC. Furthermore, CaC 2 significantly Downloaded by [FU Berlin] at 18:40 24 June 2015 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 reduced lodging in Bhakhar-02 plots. It is concluded that grain yield of wheat can be enhanced by the application of CaC 2 formulations particularly M-1 along with NPK fertilizers.

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