Comparative population structure and trichothecene mycotoxin profiling of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> from corn and wheat in Ontario, central Canada

Burlakoti, Rishi R.; Tamburic-Ilincic, L.; Limay-Rios, Victor; Burlakoti, Pragyan

doi:10.1111/ppa.12559

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In the present study, some samples with low DON levels (<100 μg/kg) were also tested positive for 3-ADON and/or 15-ADON. The result was consistent with the findings of a recent survey conducted in Central Canada by Burlakoti et al (2017) [27]. The concentration of 15-ADON in six corn samples was greater than that of DON.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Natural Occurrence and Co-Contamination of Twelve Mycotoxins in Industry-Submitted Cool-Season Cereal Grains Grown under a Low Heat Unit Climate Condition

Shi

Schwab

2019

Toxins

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This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season barley and wheat grown under low heat unit climate conditions. Seventy-two barley samples and 83 wheat samples were submitted by producers and industry from May 2016 to May 2017. The concentrations of twelve common mycotoxins, including nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalenol (α-ZAL), β-zearalenol (β-ZAL), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), were determined using the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Mycotoxins were detected in 40 barley (56%) and 35 wheat (42%) samples submitted by producers and industry. DON showed the highest incidence in barley (44%) and wheat (33%). None of the barley samples contained detectable DAS and no wheat samples tested positive for α-ZAL, DAS, T-2, or AFB1. Co-occurrence of DON and other mycotoxins was frequently observed. Among the mycotoxin-positive samples, 70% of barley samples and 54% of wheat samples were co-contaminated with at least two mycotoxins. Four barley (6%) and five wheat (6%) samples contained levels of DON above 1000 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for lactating dairy animals) and HT-2 content in five barley (7%) and four wheat (5%) samples exceeded 100 μg/kg (regulatory level in diets for cattle and poultry). Overall, contamination of these mycotoxins was more frequent and more severe in barley in comparison with wheat that was submitted by producers and industry. Comprehensive strategies, including the prevention of Fusarium toxins contamination, the routine monitoring of their prevalence, the detoxification of them in feed and food, as well as the inhibition of their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, are highly required. A rapid detection method needs to be developed to screen mycotoxins in industry-submitted cool-season cereal grains.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Natural Occurrence and Co-Contamination of Twelve Mycotoxins in Industry-Submitted Cool-Season Cereal Grains Grown under a Low Heat Unit Climate Condition

Shi

Schwab

2019

Toxins

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“…Other studies performed chemotype analysis on a modest percentage of strains examined e.g. from Brazil (12%) [31], Japan (3%) [32], Ontario (19%) [33] and the USA (10%) [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing genotype and chemotype of Fusarium graminearum from cereals in Ontario, Canada

et al. 2019

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Fusarium graminearum is responsible for production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on maize and wheat in Ontario, Canada. It has been understood since the early 1980s that in most parts of Canada, the predominant chemotype of F . graminearum is 15ADON, and not the 3ADON chemotype mainly found in Europe and Asia. The discovery of F . graminearum strains that did not produce DON but the structurally related 7-α hydroxy, 15-deacetylcalonectrin (3ANX) and its hydrolysis product 7-α hydroxy, 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin to (NX) demonstrated that we still have a lot to learn about this well studied but complicated fungus. We conducted a survey of maize and wheat samples from Ontario farms. In the 2015 crop year, we isolated 86 strains and tested a representative subset of 20 using the published genetic probes for assessing genotype. We also developed a targeted LC-MS/MS method for the identification and quantitation of known toxins from this species to determine chemotype. The results showed that 80% of our strains produced some 3ANX in addition to 15ADON and one strain produced 3ANX and no 15ADON. Comparison of chemical data with genotyping revealed that in more than 50% of the cases there was no clear agreement. These data demonstrate the importance of chemical analysis for understanding the toxigenic potential of strains, especially using a LC-MS method that is capable of differentiating 3ADON and 15ADON. For this collection, genotyping of isolates did not produce reliable information on the chemotype. This is the first report of 3ANX toxin production concurrently with 15ADON and suggests that the 3ANX producers in North America likely originated from the 15ADON background.

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“…The chemotype profile in the field and the profile determined in the laboratory are at the very least partially discordant, and for which, for various reasons (some of them still undefined), chemotype data may fail to predict the "real" risk of toxin production by select Fusarium strains. Genotyping provides baseline data for evaluating mycotoxin risk, as this approach confirms the presence of TRI genes in a given genome [138]. Kelly et al [84] stated that it is possible to accurately infer chemotype from trichothecene genotype based on the NX-2 Type B trichothecene case study.…”

Section: Incongruence Between Chemotype and Genotypementioning

confidence: 99%

TRI Genotyping and Chemotyping: A Balance of Power

Ramdass

Villafana

Rampersad

2020

Toxins

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Fusarium is among the top 10 most economically important plant pathogens in the world. Trichothecenes are the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by select species of Fusarium and cause acute and chronic toxicity in animals and humans upon exposure either through consumption and/or contact. There are over 100 trichothecene metabolites and they can occur in a wide range of commodities that form food and feed products. This review discusses strategies to mitigate the risk of mycotoxin production and exposure by examining the Fusarium-trichothecene model. Fundamental to mitigation of risk is knowing the identity of the pathogen. As such, a comparison of current, recommended molecular approaches for sequence-based identification of Fusaria is presented, followed by an analysis of the rationale and methods of trichothecene (TRI) genotyping and chemotyping. This type of information confirms the source and nature of risk. While both are powerful tools for informing regulatory decisions, an assessment of the causes of incongruence between TRI genotyping and chemotyping data must be made. Reconciliation of this discordance will map the way forward in terms of optimization of molecular approaches, which includes data validation and sharing in the form of accessible repositories of genomic data and browsers for querying such data.

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Comparative population structure and trichothecene mycotoxin profiling of Fusarium graminearum from corn and wheat in Ontario, central Canada

Cited by 22 publications

References 39 publications

Natural Occurrence and Co-Contamination of Twelve Mycotoxins in Industry-Submitted Cool-Season Cereal Grains Grown under a Low Heat Unit Climate Condition

Natural Occurrence and Co-Contamination of Twelve Mycotoxins in Industry-Submitted Cool-Season Cereal Grains Grown under a Low Heat Unit Climate Condition

Comparing genotype and chemotype of Fusarium graminearum from cereals in Ontario, Canada

TRI Genotyping and Chemotyping: A Balance of Power

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