Comparative Reinforcement Effect of Achatina fulica Snail Shell Nanoparticles, Montmorillonite, and Kaolinite Nanoclay on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Greenpoxy Biocomposite

Abstract

This study investigated the comparative reinforcement effect of Achatina fulica snail shell nanoparticles, montmorillonite, and kaolinite nanoclay on greenpoxy. Greenpoxy nanocomposites of snail shell nanoparticles, montmorillonite, and kaolinite nanoclay were developed separately, with the nanofiller content ranging from 1 to 3% by weight. Specimens of the nanocomposites with different percentage weights of the nanoparticles were prepared using the resin casting method. Mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength, stiffness, hardness, and impact strength, and water absorption properties of the specimens were evaluated experimentally. It was observed that the incorporation of nanoparticles improved the mechanical properties of pure greenpoxy irrespective of the percentage weight, source, and type of reinforcement. Significantly, the loading of 1 wt.% of snail shell nanoparticles offered superior properties in most cases. Protein fibers and high-concentration calcium carbonate in snail shell nanoparticles, uniform dispersion, and excellent matrix/snail shell nanoparticle adhesion provided a strong structure, resulting in the high strength, stiffness, and decreased water uptake of the composites. The superior properties observed in snail shell nanoparticle composites suggest that this naturally sourced nanofiller can be used as a potential substitute for montmorillonite and kaolinite clays.

Optimization of avocado seed nanoparticle extract (ASNE) as green inhibitor on API X65 steel corrosion using response surface methodology

“…The predicted inhibition efficiency at these optimum conditions was 96.7%, and the experimental validation of the predicted value resulted in an inhibition efficiency of 96.5%, approximately near the predicted value, as depicted in Figure 4. The optimized conditions of temperature, concentration, and time were found to agree with the literature, which reported that a higher temperature and inhibitor concentration could increase the inhibition efficiency [13][14][15][16][17]. However, the graphs also showed that with an increase in time beyond a certain point apparently did not increase the inhibition efficiency.…”

“…They were then dehydrated by drying in a low-temperature oven. Gbadeyan et al [13] describe a combination of mechanical and chemical approaches for producing nanoparticles. The dry AS was first ground in a ball milling machine.…”

Assessment and Optimization of Thermal Stability and Water Absorption of Loading Snail Shell Nanoparticles and Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose Fibers on Polylactic Acid Bioplastic Films

“…These combinations were identified as optimum based on the actual concentration factor of 0.5 wt.% SBCF. Snail shell nanoparticles increase the interfacial bonding of SBCF and PLA, resulting in solid structures with better barrier properties against water permeability [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. A similar inclination was observed in Figure 2 c for thermal stability, where a combination of 99.5 wt.% PLA, and 0.5 wt.% SBCF offered maximum thermal stability of 263 °C, indicating the optimal concentration of PLA and SBCF for higher thermo-physical properties of bioplastic films.…”

Thermomechanical characterization of bioplastic films produced using a combination of polylactic acid and bionano calcium carbonate

“…This performance implies that the nano-CaCO 3 in the bioplastic films was responsible for increasing the thermal stability temperature of PLA from 198 to 340 °C. This thermal performance can be attributed to the inherent thermal property of the incorporated nanoparticle 27,37 .…”