Comparative Review of Energy Storage Systems, Their Roles, and Impacts on Future Power Systems

Abstract

It is an exciting time for power systems as there are many ground-breaking changes happening simultaneously. There is a global concensus in increasing the share of renewable energy-based generation in the overall mix, transitioning to a more environmental-friendly transportation with electric vehicles as well as liberalizing the electricity markets, much to the distaste of traditional utility companies. All of these changes are against the status quo and introduce new paradigms in the way the power systems operate. The generation penetrates distribution networks, renewables introduce intermittency, and liberalized markets need more competitive operation with the existing assets. All of these challenges require using some sort of storage device to develop viable power system operation solutions. There are different types of storage systems with different costs, operation characteristics, and potential applications. Understanding these is vital for the future design of power systems whether it be for short-term transient operation or long-term generation planning. In this paper, the state-of-the-art storage systems and their characteristics are thoroughly reviewed along with the cutting edge research prototypes. Based on their architectures, capacities, and operation characteristics, the potential application fields are identified. Finally, the research fields that are related to energy storage systems are studied with their impacts on the future of power systems.INDEX TERMS Storage systems, electric vehicles, power system optimization, market liberalization, renewable energy, new operation schemes, power system planning.

Hybrid Micro-Grids Exploiting Renewables Sources, Battery Energy Storages, and Bi-Directional Converters

“…Li-ion chemistry is emerging and consolidated as the most used battery technology. The intrinsic advantages of Li-ion batteries with respect to lead-acid stand as the larger values of the energy and power densities with respect to both unit weight (Wh/kg and W/kg) and unit volume (Wh/L and W/L) [46]. The net results are ESSs that are more compact in size and weight, more efficient for the larger number of charge/discharge cycles possible, and even cost-effective in long-term applications.…”

Steam storage systems for flexible biomass CHP plants - Evaluation and initial model based calculation

“…Stark et al [7] evaluated the available storage concepts and identified the combination of a steam accumulator (SA) with a concrete storage (CS) as the most promising option for flexible biomass CHP plants. Since the 1930s SA are used for the thermal storage of process steam for several industrial sectors, such as the food [8,9] and pharma industry [10,11]. The novelty in this paper does not lie in the SA itself, but in the application of this established technology to support the electricity grid in an energy system that incorporates CS and biomass CHP.…”

Recapitulation on latent heat hybrid buildings

“…The submerged vegetation emits methane, which is a GHG with high global warming potential. [10][11][12][13][14][15]…”