Comparative studies on biodiesel production from Waste Cotton Cooking Oil using alkaline, calcined eggshell and pistachio shell catalyst

Eggshell waste as catalyst: A review

“…It is frequent to find in literature a better behaviour as catalyst of eggshell than other wastes. So, Sinha and Murugavelh (2016) reported for the transesterification of waste cotton cooking oil a yield of 92% with calcined eggshell catalyst, whereas the yield with pistachio shell was 84% (catalyst 3 wt.%, methanol/oil molar ratio 9-12:1 and 60ºC). In addition, in a work that has just been published (Roschat et al, 2017), rubber seed oil was successfully employed as substrate to obtain biodiesel using waste coral and eggshell catalysts.…”

Supermagnetic Nano-Bifunctional Catalyst from Rice Husk: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Conversion of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

“…The use of conventional homogeneous catalysts has a complication in separation after the reaction, which tends to emulsification of UCO, requires a large amount of water for biodiesel purification, and recovery of catalyst is not possible [8]. The application of a homogeneous base catalyst for the transesterification process with low-cost and discarded feedstock which contains high free fatty acid content, i.e., UCO is unfavorable because the chemical reaction has a tendency for soap formation and slowly reverts the reaction backward, subsequently reducing the biodiesel yield [9]. Recently, the major drawbacks of homogeneous catalyst have been overcome by the development of heterogeneous catalyst which can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by filtration, is recyclable, eco-friendly, and cuts off the need for neutralization which can reduce the cost of production [10].…”