Comparative studies on wood structure and microtensile properties between compression and opposite wood fibers of Chinese fir plantation

Li, Zhu; Zhan, Tianyi; Eder, Michaela; Jiang, Jiali; Lyu, Jianxiong; Cao, Jinzhen

doi:10.1186/s10086-021-01945-z

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Safranin and fast green staining revealed that the color of CW is redder than OW. The lignin content of the xylem in CW is higher than that of OW, which was consistent with the results of earlier studies in Pinus and Chinese fir ( Nanayakkara et al, 2009 ; Li et al, 2021 ). The tracheid morphology in the OW was consistent with the tracheid morphology in NW ( Figure 2E ), which was further confirmed under the X500 scanning electron microscope ( Figure 2F ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis of Stem-Differentiating Xylem Upon Compression Stress in Cunninghamia Lanceolata

Wang

Jin

et al. 2022

Front. Genet.

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Compression wood (CW) in gymnosperm brings great difficulties to wood industry using wood as raw materials since CW presents special wood structure and have different physical and chemical properties from those of normal wood (NW). Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is widely distributed in China. However, global transcriptome profiling of coding and long non-coding RNA in response to compression stress has not been reported in the gymnosperm species. In this study, we revealed that CW in Chinese fir exhibited distinct morphology and cytology properties compared with those of NW, including high lignin content, thick and round tracheid cells. Furthermore, we combined both PacBio long-read SMRT sequencing (Iso-Seq) and Illumina short-read RNA-Seq to reveal the transcriptome in stem-differentiating xylem (SDX) under different time points (2, 26, and 74 h) upon compression stress in NW, CW, and OW (opposite wood), respectively. Iso-Seq was successfully assembled into 41,253 de-novo full-length transcriptome reference (average length 2,245 bp). Moreover, there were striking differences in expression upon compression stress, which were involved 13 and 7 key enzyme genes in the lignin and cellulose synthesis, respectively. Especially, we revealed 11 secondary growth-related transcription factors show differential expression under compression stress, which was further validated by qRT-PCR. Finally, the correlation between 6,533 differentially expressed coding genes and 372 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) indicates that these lncRNAs may affect cell wall biogenesis and xyloglucan metabolism. In conclusion, our results provided comprehensive cytology properties and full-length transcriptome profiling of wood species upon compression stress. Especially we explored candidate genes, including both coding and long non-coding genes, and provided a theoretical basis for further research on the formation mechanism of CW in gymnosperm Chinese fir.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis of Stem-Differentiating Xylem Upon Compression Stress in Cunninghamia Lanceolata

Wang

Jin

et al. 2022

Front. Genet.

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“…Upon further increasing the MWED to 100 kWh/m 3 , a portion of the weakened tracheid walls were torn, and the cracks propagated along the direction of microfibers, which are parallel to the microfiber angle of the S2 layer of the wood cell wall. The crack tilt is approximately 25 • (the microfiber angle of the S2 layer of Chinese fir is typically 25-30 • away from the fiber axis [25]) (Figure 5f). These cracks also occurred in the bordered pit (Figure 5g), leading to a rupture of the bordered pit into a 4.7 µm width crack along the microfibers of the S2.…”

Section: Sem Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of High-Intensity Microwave Treatment on Structural and Chemical Characteristics of Chinese Fir

Liao,

Fang,

Gao

et al. 2024

Forests

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High-intensity microwave (HIMW) treatment is a time-saving and environmentally friendly method widely applied in the wood processing industry. It enhances wood permeability, making it suitable for drying and impregnation modification. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIMW on macroscopic and microscopic cracks, tracheid cell wall damage, and the chemical structure of Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] wood. Through the use of a camera, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, the morphology of cracks, cell wall damage, the chemical composition of the cell wall, and the crystalline structure of cellulose treated with HIMW were examined and analyzed. The results revealed that the initial moisture content (MC) and microwave energy density (MWED) significantly influenced the crack characteristics and cell wall structure and slightly influenced the chemical composition and crystalline structure of cellulose of the Chinese fir cell wall. HIMW treatment can produce different characteristics of wood cracks. The size and number of cracks were significantly increased with the increase in MWED, and more cracks were found in low MC. Microcracks caused by HIMW treatment tended to initiate at the ray parenchyma, resulting in the stripping of ray cells along its radial direction. Meanwhile, the cracking of adjacent cell junctions, the rupturing of the pit margo and pit torus, and cell wall parts tearing along the direction of microfibers occurred as a result of the HIMW treatment. The most severe damage to the cell walls occurred at the interface of S1/S2, S1, and ML layers, and the cell walls were torn in the S2 layer. There were no significant changes in the FTIR spectra of the HIMW treatment samples. Hemicellulose degradation occurred first, which increased with the increase in MWED. The recrystallization of cellulose and the lignin content increased because of the change in the aromatic C=O groups. As MWED increased, both the crystallinity index (CI) and cellulose crystal width (D200) of the samples that underwent HIMW treatment increased accordingly, and the number of low-MC samples was greater than that of the high-MC samples. The findings contribute to understanding the crack characteristics and damage mechanism induced by HIMW treatment on wood. This study provides valuable insights into regulating the effects of HIMW treatment and expanding its application in wood processing, such as wood drying and functionalized impregnation, according to the specific end-use requirements.

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“…Conifers consist mainly of axial tracheids, serving for support and for transport of water and dissolved minerals. Their anatomical structure, chemical composition, and the spatial arrangement of polymers in the wood cell walls determine the mechanical properties [3][4][5]. Conifers contain two main types of tracheids: earlywood (EW) tracheids, which have thin cell walls and large cell cavities, and latewood (LW) tracheids, which have thick cell walls and small cell cavities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Studies on Tensile Mechanical Properties of Water-Saturated Earlywood and Latewood within the Same Growth Ring from Masson Pine

Huang,

Li,

et al. 2024

Forests

Self Cite

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The tensile mechanical behavior of water-saturated earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) within the same growth ring of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) was investigated in the hydrothermal environment and discussed with respect to the density and microfibril angle (MFA) of the wood specimens. The tensile modulus, tensile strength, and strain at failure of EW and LW in the longitudinal (L) and tangential (T) directions were determined at different temperature levels ranging from 30 °C to 80 °C. Major differences in the tensile mechanical properties were found between EW and LW in the L and T directions. Compared to LW, EW showed a smaller density and a larger MFA, resulting in a lower tensile modulus, lower tensile strength, and higher strain at failure. Compared to the L specimens, the T specimens showed lower tensile modulus, lower tensile strength, and higher strain at failure. As the hygrothermal temperature increased, the MFAs, tensile modulus, and tensile strength of EW and LW specimens decreased, except for the MFAs of LW, while the strain at failure of the specimens showed the opposite trend. Variations in the tensile mechanical behavior between EW and LW were mainly influenced by the density and MFA of the specimens, and are closely associated with the hydrothermal softening properties of wood. These findings contribute to a further understanding of the structural–mechanical relationships of Masson pine wood at the cell wall level, and provide a scientific basis for the better utilization of plantation softwood in the hydrothermal environment.

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Comparative studies on wood structure and microtensile properties between compression and opposite wood fibers of Chinese fir plantation

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis of Stem-Differentiating Xylem Upon Compression Stress in Cunninghamia Lanceolata

Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis of Stem-Differentiating Xylem Upon Compression Stress in Cunninghamia Lanceolata

Effect of High-Intensity Microwave Treatment on Structural and Chemical Characteristics of Chinese Fir

Comparative Studies on Tensile Mechanical Properties of Water-Saturated Earlywood and Latewood within the Same Growth Ring from Masson Pine

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