Comparative Study of Chronic Postischemic Pain Models in Mice: O-Ring Versus Tie Method

Abstract

Background: The success rate for the production of animal models of chronic postischemia pain (CPIP) using an O-ring has yet to be improved in the study of complex regional pain syndrome-type I (CRPS-I), and producing a CPIP model is challenging, especially for mice. Objectives: We devised a new CPIP model with a higher success rate that induces ischemia for 3 hours by tying the hind limbs of mice with a rubber band, followed by reperfusion. Study Design: A randomized, controlled animal trial. Methods: Twenty-two male C57BL/6 mice were divided into a sham (n = 6), a ring (n = 8), and a tie group (n = 8). Anesthesia was induced using isoflurane. A precut O-ring was mounted on the upper left ankle in the sham group. A tight-fitting O-ring and a push-pull gauge manometer were mounted at the same location in the ring and tie groups, respectively. Reperfusion was induced 3 hours later. The thickness and circumference of the hind paws were measured before ischemia induction. Measurements were repeated 10 days after reperfusion. Mechanical allodynia was measured with a von Frey filament until 12 weeks after reperfusion. Results: The new tie model required 5 additional days until the onset of allodynia compared with the existing CPIP O-ring model. However, the successful induction rate of CPIP was higher in the tie group than in the ring group, and allodynia was maintained for over 30 days in the tie group. The ring and tie groups exhibited significantly high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha than those in the sham group. Limitations: First, we did not evaluate hyperalgesia, cold or heat allodynia. Second, we did not measure blood levels of inflammatory or antiinflammatory cytokines, and research on oxidative stress biomarkers such as isoprostane, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (a marker of DNA oxidative damage), and malondialdehyde was not performed. Conclusions: The new CPIP tie model has a higher rate of successful induction than existing O-ring models for mice, with longer duration of mechanical allodynia. The model may reduce the number of animals sacrificed in CRPS-I research and could be useful for studying long-term effects of drugs. Key words: CPIP, mouse, O-ring, rubber band, reperfusion, allodynia, hyperalgesia

Analgesic Effect of SKI306X on Chronic Postischemic Pain and Spinal Nerve Ligation-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Mice

“…Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is characterized by localized, persistent, spontaneously evoked pain that is inconsistent with the progression or magnitude of pain normally expected from trauma or lesions [19]. CRPS is generally divided into two types: CRPS type I (CRPS-I), which occurs in the absence of clear neurological damage, and CRPS type II, which accompanies neurological damage [20]. The CPIP model exhibits several vital features that mimic the clinical symptoms of CRPS-I, such as chronic thermal, mechanical, and chemical pain hypersensitivity of the affected hind limbs, followed by microvascular injury and abnormalities in regional blood flow [21,22].…”