Comparative Study of Co-Doped and Non Co-Doped LSO:Ce and LYSO:Ce Scintillators for TOF-PET

Abstract

Scintillation properties of LSO:Ce, LSO:Ce,0.2%Ca, LYSO:Ce, LYSO:0.11%Ce,0.2%Mg, and LYSO:0.2%Ce,0.2%Ca were studied for application in time-of-flight positron emission tomography. To find the scintillation material with the best timing performance among those, we measured intrinsic scintillation pulse shapes-defined as the number of photons emitted per unit time at the ionization track as a function of time -by means of 100 ps x-ray excitation in the temperature range from 193 K to 373 K, from which intrinsic rise and decay time constants were derived. Photoelectron yields were measured by 662 keV gamma excitation. From these scintillation properties we calculated the corresponding lower bound on the timing resolution for each material.

Low temperature scintillation properties of Ga2O3

“…In this case, we used as a reference an Lu 2(xÀ1) Y 2x SiO 4 -Ce (LYSO-Ce) scintillator, known for its high light yield (34 000 ph/MeV) and fast decay time (33 ns), both changing only insignificantly with cooling. 37,38 This scintillator emits in the same spectral range as Ga 2 O 3 , which is beneficial for reducing the errors arising from the uncertainty of calculating the emission-weighted detector efficiency e k : 39,40 This parameter accounts for the difference in the spectral sensitivity of the detector and was calculated from the measured X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals and the known quantum efficiency of the 9124A photomultiplier.…”

Scintillation mechanisms in inorganic scintillators: an excitonic and alkali halides focused review

“…(To distinguish them, let's call 1a and 1b, see Table 1). Another important point to point out is that in recent years, LSO and LYSO have been co-doped, in the form of either (Ce, Mg) or (Ce, Ca) [104,105] to further optimize the scintillation properties of these crystals and charge-transfer first to Ce4+ [104] has been proposed as the mechanism (Fig. 6) instead of the now simply well-known Ce3+-related 5d -4f transition in "Ce-doped only" LSO/LYSO just mentioned (Fig.…”

Characterization of 1.2×1.2 mm2silicon photomultipliers with Ce:LYSO, Ce:GAGG, and Pr:LuAG scintillation crystals as detector modules for positron emission tomography

“…However, there is still an ongoing demand on SiPMs which are particularly improved in terms of dark count rate (DCR), optical cross talk, after pulsing, nonlinearity effect due to saturation of the SiPM cells, temperature sensitivity, and production technologies allowing for small micro-cells with high fill factors. Requirements for scintillator materials on the other hand are high light output, high density and effective atomic number, fast scintillation rise and decay time, good energy resolution, low non-proportionality, peak emission wavelength matching the spectral sensitivity of the photo-detector, low cost, non hygroscopic, ruggedness, and no intrinsic radiation [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In addition to the choice of material, there are other factors which influence the performance of the detector module.…”