Comparative study of confocal and heterodyne microscopy for imaging through scattering media

Kempe, M.; Rudolph, Wolfgang; Welsch, E.

doi:10.1364/josaa.13.000046

Cited by 84 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…49,50 By combining with broad-band illumination, both confocal and coherence gating result. 36,51 This correlation e®ect of interference can also be used in a full-¯eld microscope ( Fig. 2(a)).…”

Section: Correlation Gatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced optical microscopy methods for in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in thick biological tissues

Chen

Rehman

Sheppard

2014

J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci.

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Optical microscopy has become an indispensable tool for visualizing sub-cellular structures and biological processes. However, scattering in biological tissues is a major obstacle that prevents high-resolution images from being obtained from deep regions of tissue. We review common techniques, such as multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and optical coherence microscopy (OCM), for di®raction limited imaging beyond an imaging depth of 0.5 mm. Novel implementations have been emerging in recent years giving higher imaging speed, deeper penetration, and better image quality. Focal modulation microscopy (FMM) is a novel method that combines confocal spatial ltering with focal modulation to reject out-of-focus background. FMM has demonstrated an imaging depth comparable to those of MPM and OCM, near-real-time image acquisition, and the capability for multiple contrast mechanisms.

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Section: Correlation Gatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced optical microscopy methods for in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in thick biological tissues

Chen

Rehman

Sheppard

2014

J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci.

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“…Monte Carlo scattering simulations have been the method of choice for calculating the ability of various microscope configurations to filter out multiply-scattering light. A number of studies have indicated that for a conventional confocal microscope, a larger focusing NA leads to improved rejection of out-of-focus scattered light, thereby improving image contrast in thick tissues [22,23]. More recently, finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations have also been employed to study the interaction of light with scattering media in a confocal microscope [24].…”

Section: Conventional Confocal Endomicroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Resolution Confocal Endomicroscopy for Gastrointestinal Cancer Detection

Liu

Hardy

Contag

2011

Advances in Optical Imaging for Clinical Medicine

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“…While OCT can achieve extremely high axial resolution [2], the transverse resolution is not sufficient to reveal cellular or subcellular features. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) combines low coherence detection with conventional confocal microscopy to improve the transverse resolution of OCT images [3,4]. In confocal microscopy, a high numerical aperture (NA) optical design is essential to provide fine axial sectioning capability and reject unwanted light from out-of-focus regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Confocal microscopy is therefore vulnerable to aberration and multiple scattering in biological specimens, which typically limits the imaging depth. In comparison, OCM significantly enhances the maximum imaging depth in scattering materials by improving rejection of scattered light using coherence gating, which also relaxes the constraint of extremely high NA optics required to obtain axial sectioning in confocal microscopy [3,4]. However, there still a trade off between the depth-of-focus (DOF) and transverse resolution in OCM images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrahigh speed spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy

Lee

Liu

Sheikine

et al. 2013

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Abstract:We demonstrate a compact, ultrahigh speed spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy (SD-OCM) system for multiscale imaging of specimens at 840 nm. Using a high speed 512-pixel line scan camera, an imaging speed of 210,000 A-scans per second was demonstrated. Interchangeable water immersion objectives with magnifications of 10×, 20×, and 40× provided co-registered en face cellular-resolution imaging over several size scales. Volumetric OCM data sets and en face OCM images were demonstrated on both normal and pathological human colon and kidney specimens ex vivo with an axial resolution of ~4.2 µm, and transverse resolutions of ~2.9 µm (10×), ~1.7 µm (20×), and ~1.1 µm (40×) in tissue. In addition, en face OCM images acquired with high numerical aperture over an extended field-of-view (FOV) were demonstrated using image mosaicking. Comparison between en face OCM images among different transverse and axial resolutions was demonstrated, which promises to help the design and evaluation of imaging performance of Fourier domain OCM systems at different resolution regimes. 590-592 (1994). 4. M. Kempe, W. Rudolph, and E. Welsch, "Comparative study of confocal and heterodyne microscopy for imaging through scattering media," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(1), 46-52 (1996). 5. Z. Ding, H. Ren, Y. Zhao, J. S. Nelson, and Z. Chen, "High-resolution optical coherence tomography over a large depth range with an axicon lens," Opt. Lett. 27(4), 243-245 (2002

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Comparative study of confocal and heterodyne microscopy for imaging through scattering media

Cited by 84 publications

References 13 publications

Advanced optical microscopy methods for in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in thick biological tissues

Advanced optical microscopy methods for in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in thick biological tissues

High‐Resolution Confocal Endomicroscopy for Gastrointestinal Cancer Detection

Ultrahigh speed spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy

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