Comparative Study of DifferentAcorusSpecies in Potentiating Neuronal Differentiation in Cultured PC12 Cells

Abstract

Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR), the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, is a common traditional Chinese medicine being used clinically for mental disorder. However, other Acorus species herbs are all having the same Chinese name 'Chang Pu', making the confusion in herbal market. Acori Graminei Rhizoma (AGR) and Acori Calami Rhizoma (ACR) are common adulterants of ATR. Here, we aim to provide a comparative analysis between ATR, AGR, and ACR in potentiating neuronal differentiation. Volatile oil, derived from Acorus species, was applied onto cultured PC12 cells, and various parameters were determined: (i) transcriptional activation of neurofilament promoters was determined by the promoter-driven luciferase activity assay; (ii) the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells was captured and measured; and (iii) the neurofilament expression and its underlying mechanism were analyzed by western blotting. The co-treatment of ATR, AGR, or ACR volatile oil with low concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) could potentiate the NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in cultured PC12 cells. In addition, application of protein kinase A inhibitor H89 in cultures blocked the induction of neurofilament. Among these three Acorus species, ATR volatile oil showed the highest NGF-induced induction in neurite outgrowth and neurofilament expression, as compared with that of AGR and ACR. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Volatile Oil from Acorus gramineus Ameliorates the Injury Neurons in the Hippocampus of Amyloid Beta 1‐42 Injected Mice

“…However, after the volatile oil from A. gramineus treatment, the expressions of Nestin and DCX were increased, which indicated that the volatile oil from A. gramineus could increase the number of neurons by promoting the growth of neurons and protect neurons. BDNF can promote the migration, differentiation, and self‐repair of neonatal neurons (Lam et al, ). TrkB is a specific receptor for BDNF.…”

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that volatile oil from A. gramineus may protect nervous and enhance the function of learning and memory (Liu et al, ), and volatile oil from A. gramineus could regulate the expression of apoptotic genes and inhibit the apoptosis of nervous (Chen et al, ; Deng et al, ). In recent years, more and more studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of A. gramineus in several diseases (Reddy et al, ; Lam et al, ), but the relevant mechanism of volatile oil from A. gramineus on the neuronal injury of AD has not been clearly elucidated.…”

Microbiome-Derived Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Selectively Inhibits Neurofilament Light Chain (NF-L) Gene Expression in Human Neuronal-Glial (HNG) Cells in Primary Culture

“…Why the NF-L mRNA exhibits the greatest down-regulated of the neurofilament triad is not known; the NF-L light chain polypeptide is the most abundant member of the neuron-specific intermediate filament family triplet, is the major component of the highly dynamic and plastic neurites, synaptic structures, and constitutes the core of the neuronal cytoskeleton. NF-L expression is also the major regulator of the caliber of the neuronal axoskeleton and essential in neuronal development, regeneration, the plasticity of the neuronal cytoskeleton, and in the creation and the maintenance of neuronal cytoarchitecture (Julien and Mushynski, 1998; Braissant, 2007; Lam et al, 2017; Goldmann, 2018; Abu-Rumeileh et al, 2018). NF-L also serves in a critical “organizer” role in axons and dendrites and contains multiple phosphorylation sites for a surprisingly large number of neuronal-enriched protein kinases, including protein kinase A, protein kinase C, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, extracellular signal regulated kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3, and stress-activated protein kinase gamma (de Leeuw et al, 2018; Goldmann, 2018).…”

“…Interestingly, there are reports that plasma levels of NF-L protein appear to be increased in AD and may be used as a reliable diagnostic marker for AD incidence and severity (Lista et al, 2017; Abu-Rumeileh et al, 2018; Hampel et al, 2018). However, the universality of this elevation and usefulness of plasma NF-L as a biomarker for AD has been recently brought into question (Lam et al, 2017; Zhou et al, 2017; Abu-Rumeileh et al, 2018). Very recently NF-L has been found to be significantly increased in the CSF of early-onset AD patients compared to younger controls; however, this change was not found in older AD groups (Lauridsen et al, 2017).…”

Shexiang Baoxin Pill, a Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula, Rescues the Cognitive Impairments in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

“…In brief, cells were plated in 96-well plate at a density of 10,000 cells/well for 24 h and treated with drugs for 48 h. Then, 10 μl MTT solution, at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, was added into each well, incubated for another 3 h at 37°C. Using a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), the absorbance was measured at 570 nm ( Lam et al., 2016 ; Lam et al., 2017 ).…”